3231 - Urban Change, De-industrialisation, Decentralisation & the rise of the service sector

Question 1

What is de-industrialisation?

Answer 1

The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the second half of the twentieth century.

Question 2

What did the industrial revolution and rise in manufacturing do?

Answer 2

It was a key development in the growth of many urban areas. Cuties become synonymous with with particular types of industry. And meant that there were thousands of migrants into urban areas.

Question 3

What type of industry is Manchester synonymous with?

Answer 3

Textiles

Question 4

What type of industry is Sheffield synonymous with?

Answer 4

Iron and Steele

Question 5

What type of industry is Glasgow synonymous with?

Answer 5

Shipbuilding

Question 6

What occurred by the 1980s?

Answer 6

Many of the older industrial cities were experiencing severe economic problems associated with the decline of manufacturing.

Question 7

Three factors that attributed to the decline of manufacturing

Answer 7

• mechanisation, most firms can produce their goods more cheaply by using machines rather than people
• competition from abroad particularly the rapid industrialising countries of the time (South Korea, India and China)
• reduced demand for traditional products as new materials and technologies have Ben developed

Question 8

There was an overall downward trend in manufacturing employment in the Uk. What does unemployment figures depend on?

Answer 8

Size of the city, composition of the urban economy and the actions of the local government.

Question 9

Why did Manchester, Sheffield and Liverpool suffer such extensive job losses than other cities?

Answer 9

Other cities had a more diverse economy.

Question 10

Why where many workplaces in the inner city close flowing de-industrialisation?

Answer 10

Because the workplaces are old plants with the oldest production techniques, lowest productivity and most unionised work forces.

Question 11

What was the consequence of de industrialisation on inner city areas and edge of urban areas (more rural locations)?

Answer 11

Inner city areas contained many of the old types of workplace most likely to be closed, old plants with oldest production productions no lowest productivity and lacked suitable land for the expansion of existing manufacturing. as a result, new investment tended to focus on the edge of urban areas or more rural locations. (This is part of a wider process called de centralisation which also affected residential and retail land use in the late twentieth century.)

Question 12

The decline of manufacturing employment in the late twentieth century was accompanied by what?

Answer 12

By the rise of the service economy in urban areas.

Question 13

What are the two categories that the service sector can be broken in to?

Answer 13

Tertiary activities and quaternary activities

Question 14

What are tertiary activities?

Answer 14

Financial services, retailing, leisure, transport and health

Question 15

What are quaternary activities?

Answer 15

Where knowledge or ideas are the main output such as advertising, computer programming and software design.

Question 16

What are three reasons why the service sector has grown?

Answer 16

1) financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries which are still important in many cities today
2) as societies become more technologically sophisticated, they need a larger range of specialised services to keep the, running
3) as societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services

Question 17

What are three economic impacts of de industrialisation?

Answer 17

• loss of jobs and personal disposable income
• increase in demand for state benefits
• decline in property prices as out-migration occurs

Question 18

Three social impacts of de-industrialisation

Answer 18

• increase in unemployment
• high levels of deprivation
• higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol and drug abuse and other social problems.

Question 19

Three environmental impacts of de-industrialisation

Answer 19

• derelict land and buildings
• long term pollution of land from dirt industries such as dye works and iron foundries
• reduced maintenance of local housing caused by lower personal ad local authority incomes.

Question 20

What are two reasons other than population growth for a growth in the service sector

Answer 20

• financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries that are impotent still in many cities
• as societies become technologically sophisticated they need a larger range of specialised services
• as societies become wealthier they demand more leisure and retail services

Question 21

For many urban areas globally there has been a shift in their economic core? What is the shift to and from?

Answer 21

From manufacturing to service based activities

Question 22

Why are major financial centres located in world cities in urban areas?

Answer 22

So they have access to national and international markets, a highly skilled labour force and specialist support services

Question 23

Why are city bars, restaurants and clubs important?

Answer 23

They are important environments for social networking which is heavily drawn upon in business.

Question 24

What is a positive effect of the growth of the service sector?

Answer 24

Gone some way to reduce unemployment caused by de industrialisation in urban areas but w number of issues still exist

Question 25

What are some negatives of the rise of service sector and decline of industrial sector?

Answer 25

• many of those who lost their jobs through deindustrialisation have continued to suffer long term unemployment
• mainly the service sector jobs created add part time or tempory