3231 - Urban Policy

Question 1

Define urban policy

Answer 1

Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

Question 2

Define regeneration

Answer 2

Policies directed at tackling social, economic , physical and environmental problems within urban areas

Question 3

Define ‘bottom up’

Answer 3

When locals people are consulted and supported in making decisions that meet more specific needs

Question 4

Define top up

Answer 4

When the decisions to undertake projects or developments is made by central authority such as government with little or no consultation with local people whom it will affect

Question 5

What did early regeneration strategies focus on?

Answer 5

‘Top down’ economic regeneration

Question 6

Why did later strategies change to being bottom up?

Answer 6

There was a realisation that a more holistic approach was needed,tackling economic,musician and environmental problems from the bottom up

Question 7

What urban policy was was in action from 1979-1991

Answer 7

Property led initiatives and the creation of an enterpanurial culture

Question 8

Give details of the 1979-1991 property led initiatives and creation of an enterpanurial culture

Answer 8

Greater emphasis on the role of the private sector to regenerate inner cute areas . Coalition boards were set up with people from the local business community and boards were encouraged to spend money on buying land and building infrastructure and marketing to attract private investment

Question 9

Examples of property led initiatives and the creation of an enterpanurial culture

Answer 9

Enterprise zones, urban development, corporations, urban land grants, derelict land grants

Question 10

What urban policy was in action from 1991-1997?

Answer 10

Partnership schemes and competition led policy

Question 11

Details of the 1991-1997 partnership schemes and competition led policy

Answer 11

Greater focus on local leadership and partnership between the private sector and local communities, voluntary sector and the local authority, strategies focuses on tackling social economic and environmental problems in run down parts of the city which now included peripheral estates

Question 12

Examples of partership schemes and competition led policy

Answer 12

City Challenge, city pride,mingle regeneration and budget

Question 13

What urban policy was in action from 1997-2000?

Answer 13

Area based initiatives

Question 14

Gives details of the 1997-2000 area based initiatives

Answer 14

Many strategies focuses on narrowing the gap in key social and economic indicators between the most deprived neighbourhoods and the rest of the country, set targets to improve levels of health, education and employment opportunities, funding was allocated to assist in delivering government objectives

Question 15

Examples of 1997-2000 area based initiatives

Answer 15

Regional development agencies (RDAs), new deal for communities, national neighbourhood renewal strategy and the housing market renewal programme

Question 16

What do the future policies hold?

Answer 16

Greater devolution of power (devolution deals) to English cities, of the type granted to greater Manchester in 2014 some feel this may lead to more effective place based urban policies

Question 17

Give details of the specific example - urban development corporations (1980)

Answer 17

Set up in 1980s primarily to regenerate inner city areas
Boards were mostly made up of people from the local business community and encourages to spend money on buying land, building infrastructure and marketing to attract private sector investment. Funding came straight from central government

Question 18

Successes of 1980 urban development corporations

Answer 18

Successful in attracting new business to run down areas and improving the environment of UDC and by mid 1990s they had attracted over £12 billion in private sector investment and create 190,000 jobs nationally

Question 19

Failures of the 1980 urban development corporations

Answer 19

Property led approached didn’t tackle social problems, locals complained they had little involvement in the process

Question 20

Urban development corporation 1980 case study

Answer 20

London docklands

Question 21

Give details of specific example - city challenge 1990

Answer 21

Competitive scheme. Cities with the best scheme were awarded government regeneration grants
local authority led schemes that formed partnerships between the private sector, local communities and local authority - focuses on tackling social, economic and environmental problems in the run down parts of the inner city

Question 22

Successes of 1990 city challenge

Answer 22

Because they local authority had to bid for funding more it mean that regeneration schemes were more successful. City challenge gave equal importance to buildings, people and values. 1997 data concluded that city challenge had created 53,000 jobs and 40,000 jobs and reclaimed 2,000 hectares of derelict land

Question 23

Failures of 1990 city challenge

Answer 23

Resources thin,y spread over large areas. Areas that had previously received funding based on need did not receive funding if their bid was unsuccessful

Question 24

1990 City challenge examples

Answer 24

Hume city challenge partnership Manchester

Question 25

Details of specific example new deals for communities 2000s

Answer 25

Established to carry out 10 year strategic programmes designed to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve the lives of the residents.

Local partnerships of residents, business community organisations and local authorities were established. The focus was very much on communities being ‘at the heart of the regeneration’

Question 26

Successes of 2000s new deal for communities

Answer 26

2002-2008 NDC areas saw an improvement in 32/36 core indicators covering crime, education health workless news, community, housing and the physical environment

Question 27

Failures of 2000s new deal for communities

Answer 27

Little net change was achieved for education and worklessness

Question 28

2000s new deal for communities case studies

Answer 28

Devonport regenration company Plymouth