3231 - Urban Policy Flashcards
Define urban policy
Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems
Define regeneration
Policies directed at tackling social, economic , physical and environmental problems within urban areas
Define ‘bottom up’
When locals people are consulted and supported in making decisions that meet more specific needs
Define top up
When the decisions to undertake projects or developments is made by central authority such as government with little or no consultation with local people whom it will affect
What did early regeneration strategies focus on?
‘Top down’ economic regeneration
Why did later strategies change to being bottom up?
There was a realisation that a more holistic approach was needed,tackling economic,musician and environmental problems from the bottom up
What urban policy was was in action from 1979-1991
Property led initiatives and the creation of an enterpanurial culture
Give details of the 1979-1991 property led initiatives and creation of an enterpanurial culture
Greater emphasis on the role of the private sector to regenerate inner cute areas . Coalition boards were set up with people from the local business community and boards were encouraged to spend money on buying land and building infrastructure and marketing to attract private investment
Examples of property led initiatives and the creation of an enterpanurial culture
Enterprise zones, urban development, corporations, urban land grants, derelict land grants
What urban policy was in action from 1991-1997?
Partnership schemes and competition led policy
Details of the 1991-1997 partnership schemes and competition led policy
Greater focus on local leadership and partnership between the private sector and local communities, voluntary sector and the local authority, strategies focuses on tackling social economic and environmental problems in run down parts of the city which now included peripheral estates
Examples of partership schemes and competition led policy
City Challenge, city pride,mingle regeneration and budget
What urban policy was in action from 1997-2000?
Area based initiatives
Gives details of the 1997-2000 area based initiatives
Many strategies focuses on narrowing the gap in key social and economic indicators between the most deprived neighbourhoods and the rest of the country, set targets to improve levels of health, education and employment opportunities, funding was allocated to assist in delivering government objectives
Examples of 1997-2000 area based initiatives
Regional development agencies (RDAs), new deal for communities, national neighbourhood renewal strategy and the housing market renewal programme
What do the future policies hold?
Greater devolution of power (devolution deals) to English cities, of the type granted to greater Manchester in 2014 some feel this may lead to more effective place based urban policies
Give details of the specific example - urban development corporations (1980)
Set up in 1980s primarily to regenerate inner city areas
Boards were mostly made up of people from the local business community and encourages to spend money on buying land, building infrastructure and marketing to attract private sector investment. Funding came straight from central government
Successes of 1980 urban development corporations
Successful in attracting new business to run down areas and improving the environment of UDC and by mid 1990s they had attracted over £12 billion in private sector investment and create 190,000 jobs nationally
Failures of the 1980 urban development corporations
Property led approached didn’t tackle social problems, locals complained they had little involvement in the process
Urban development corporation 1980 case study
London docklands
Give details of specific example - city challenge 1990
Competitive scheme. Cities with the best scheme were awarded government regeneration grants
local authority led schemes that formed partnerships between the private sector, local communities and local authority - focuses on tackling social, economic and environmental problems in the run down parts of the inner city
Successes of 1990 city challenge
Because they local authority had to bid for funding more it mean that regeneration schemes were more successful. City challenge gave equal importance to buildings, people and values. 1997 data concluded that city challenge had created 53,000 jobs and 40,000 jobs and reclaimed 2,000 hectares of derelict land
Failures of 1990 city challenge
Resources thin,y spread over large areas. Areas that had previously received funding based on need did not receive funding if their bid was unsuccessful
1990 City challenge examples
Hume city challenge partnership Manchester
Details of specific example new deals for communities 2000s
Established to carry out 10 year strategic programmes designed to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve the lives of the residents.
Local partnerships of residents, business community organisations and local authorities were established. The focus was very much on communities being ‘at the heart of the regeneration’
Successes of 2000s new deal for communities
2002-2008 NDC areas saw an improvement in 32/36 core indicators covering crime, education health workless news, community, housing and the physical environment
Failures of 2000s new deal for communities
Little net change was achieved for education and worklessness
2000s new deal for communities case studies
Devonport regenration company Plymouth
