3.2 Macromolecule Structure and Function / 3.3 Focus on Proteins

Question 1

Carbohydrate

Answer 1

Monomer: monosaccharide
Polymer: polysaccharide
Functions: provide energy, provide structure

Question 2

Lipids

Answer 2

Monomer: fatty acid
Polymer: triglyceride, phopholipid
Functions: long-term energy storage, insulation

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: polypeptide

Question 4

Nucleic Acids

Answer 4

Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: nucleic acid
Functions: carries genetic instructions, assists in protein synthesis

Question 5

Primary Structure

Answer 5

sequence of amino acids

Question 6

Secondary Structure

Answer 6

Small sections of folding

Question 7

Tertiary Structure

Answer 7

final shape of polypeptide

Question 8

Quaternary Structure

Answer 8

more than one polypeptide chain bonded together

Question 9

Amino Acid Structure

Answer 9

amino group, carboxyl group, side chains
side chains have different functional groups, which gives the amino acids different properties

Question 10

Denaturation

Answer 10

temperature, pH, and salinity disrupt H bonds and ionic bonds in proteins, causing them to unfold. this destroys the functionality of a protein. some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot

Question 11

how is tertiary structure formed by hydrophobic interactions

Answer 11

hydrophobic side chains clump together in the interior of a polypeptide chain to minimize their contact with water

Question 12

how is tertiary structure formed by hydrophilic interactions

Answer 12

Hydrophilic side chains go to the exterior of a polypeptide chain. they form polar bonds

Question 13

how is tertiary structure formed by acidic and basic side chains

Answer 13

Acidic and basic side chains go to the exterior of a polypeptide chain. they form ionic bonds with each other

Question 14

how is tertiary structure formed by cysteine side chains

Answer 14

cysteine side chains go to the interior of a polypeptide chain and form disulfide bridges

Question 15

protein types and functions: enzymes

Answer 15

catalyze chemical reactions

Question 16

protein types and functions: hormones

Answer 16

molecular messengers that help switch cell processes on and off

Question 17

protein types and functions: antibodies

Answer 17

recognize and attack foreign cells and viruses

Question 18

protein types and functions: structural proteins

Answer 18

give cells their shape and allow the cell to change shape/move while others hold tissues together

Question 19

Compare and contrast the structure and functions: carbohydrate and lipids

Answer 19

Carbohydrates: primary energy source, more oxygen, cell walls, hydroxyl
Lipids: energy storage, more carbon and hydrogen, cell membranes, carboxyl
Both: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; energy

Question 20

Compare and contrast the structure and functions: Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Answer 20

Proteins: sulfur, many types/functions, carboxyl
Nucleic Acids: phosphorus, two types, phosphate, hydroxyl
Both: carbons, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; amino; nucleic acids are involved in protein synthesis

Question 21

Why and how would the structure and function of a protein change if a hydrophobic amino acid was substituted for a hydrophilic one?

Answer 21

If a hydrophobic amino acid is replaced with a hydrophilic one, that amino acid will fold to the outside instead of the instead, which changes the shape of the polypeptide chain. The shape of a protein can affect its function as the new shape may not be able to bind with another protein that the original protein could.