3.1: Emergence Of The Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century Flashcards
1
Q
What are the characteristics of life in pre-industrial Britain (pre 1780) (socio-cultural factors)?
A
- communications and transport were limited
- widespread illiteracy: the lower classes were uneducated, with little ability to read or write.
- cruel or violent existences were the norm for the lower class; the upper class lived in comfort and luxury.
- very limited free time as work was based on the land; free time was dictated but the agricultural calendar/seasons: the lower class worked very long hours.
- class divisions clearly existed; there was a two-tier clearly divided society in existence (upper class and lower class) based on a feudal system)
- people lived in the countryside/ rural areas.
2
Q
Feudal system definition:
A
- broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
3
Q
What is popular recreation?
A
- the sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain.
4
Q
What are the characteristics of popular recreation?
A
- long hours of work for the lower class meant popular recreation activities were occasional and therefore restricted to annual events when breaks in the agricultural calendar allowed their participation (e.g. festivals and Holy Days)
- limited transport - activities were local and specific to each community and the area they lived in the countryside.
- activities used the natural resources available to them, e.g. open land for mob games.
- literacy was low among lower classes in society so any rules were very basic and applied to a particular community, i.e. locally set and applied (unlimited number of players, no time limits and no officials)
- activities were aggressive and male dominated - reflected a harsh society - lots of damage to property and injures to the participants themselves were evident when participation in mob games occurred.
- wagers were placed by the upper classes as part of sporting contests.
5
Q
What was mob football?
A
- an example of an activity played in pre-industrial Britain which very much reflected the characteristics of popular recreation and socio-cultural factors evident at the time.
- an unruly form of football played by the lower classes
6
Q
What were the characteristics of mob football?
A
- played by the lower class in the fields
- used natural resources, e.g. pig’s bladder.
- played occasionally, e.g. Holy Days such as Shrove Tuesday, due to long working hours.
- male dominated and highly violent and unruly reflecting living conditions in society.
- no rules or regulations - low rate of literacy among the lower class.
7
Q
Why were popular recreation activities eventually banned?
A
- they were violent or unruly in nature
- they led to injury or death in extreme cases
- they led to damage of property
- they involved wagering/gambling
- they were linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour
8
Q
What was real tennis?
A
- ‘Royal Tennis’
- an activity played in pre-industrial Britain, but didn’t reflect the typical popular recreation characteristics at the time.
9
Q
What were the characteristics of real tennis?
A
- an exclusive activity, royal in nature, played by the upper class males.
- upper classes were educated and highly literate so there were complex rules.
- was played to a high moral code - lacked violence and played in a civilised manner.
- opponents were respectful to each other.
- played on a regular bases - due to plenty of leisure time.
- the upper class had the ability to travel so was non-local in nature.
- allowed the upper class to show their superiority due to difficult technical demand.
10
Q
What is rational recreation?
A
- in the nineteenth century, these were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
11
Q
The development of rational recreation:
A
- as Britain changed into an industrially based society, sports and games developed in different ways; reflecting societal changes.
- the activities were termed as ‘rational recreation’
- rational suggests a level of order; logic and structure began to be applied to sports such as football.
12
Q
What were the Wenlock Olympian Games?
A
- 1850: Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) formed the Olympian Class - promoting moral, physical and intellectual improvements.
- 1860: the Olympian Class became known as the Wenlock Olympian Society. Dr William Penny Brookes.
- the first Wenlock Olympian Games were held in October 1850.
- mixture of athletics and traditional country sports, football, cricket, hurdles.
- flag, officials and competitors processions and Olympic hymns were sung.
- Brookes also campaigned for physical education to be on the school curriculum.
13
Q
What was the industrial revolution?
A
- seemed to have occurred during the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries.
- this period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society to an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class.
- the revolution led to more of the population being concentrated in towns and cities working in factories instead of living in the countryside.
14
Q
What were the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution on the development of sport (early 19th century)?
A
- migration of the lower classes into urban areas: looking for work in new factories being built led to a loss of space to play traditional Mob games and overcrowding.
- lack of leisure time: long 12 hour days six days a week.
- lack of income: low wages and poverty were evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits.
- poor health: poor living conditions and a lack of hygiene meant there was little energy to play sport.
- loss of rights: restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal law.
- a lack of public provision: no access to private facilities or no personal equipment for the lower classes.
15
Q
what were the improvements of the Industrial Revolution (late 19th century)
A
- health and hygiene improved: enabling more energy and willingness to participate in sport - result of lack of disease.
- gradual increase in wages and more time for sport: Factory Acte and Saturday half-days (gradual decrease in working hours)
- development of new middle class
- the influence of ex-public schoolboys via industry, the Church, etc.
- the values of athleticism spread to the lower classes (working hard to the best of ability but taking part in the spirit of fair play!
- industrial patronage led to provision for recreation and sport: factory teams were set up, sporting facilities were provided.
- it became cheaper to travel / participation and spectating became more accessible
- improvements in transport and communications via development of roads and trains allowed spectators and participants to travel further. Leagues were introduced.
16
Q
Urbanisation definition:
A
- large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.
17
Q
What were the key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport?
A
- lack of space: in cities, unlike the countryside, space was at a premium. This led to the development of purpose-built facilities (e.g. football grounds)
- large working-class population: urbanisation meant a large working class population that needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time.
- loss of traditional sports: many traditional working-class sports such as mob games were banned in a civilised urban society, so there was a need for new sports to emerge.
- change in working conditions: initially, the working classes worked long hours in the factories, and had limited free time, incomes or energy to devote sport to. As this situation improved, sports attendance and participation increased.
18
Q
What were the key ways in which the transport revolution contributed to the development of sport?
A
- movement of teams/spectators: the development of the railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel, leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis.
- improved access to different parts of the country: nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national; with leagues forming, involving clubs from across the country (e.g. Football League).
- cheaper train travel: train travel becomes relativity cheap and affordable which led to working classes following their teams and sporting heroes home and away.
- improved access to the countryside: activities such as rambling became popular as rural areas were reachable and affordable.
19
Q
What was the effect of the development of middle class?
A
- sport became more acceptable and respectable and was played to a high moral code
- they developed strict rules, leagues and competitions
- they provided facilities/public parks via their involvement in the local council.
- they have more time off work, broken time payments etc.
20
Q
What was the effect of communications?
A
- communications (e.g. via newspapers) improved as society became more literate.
- developments increased the knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of different ways (results and locations)
- it led to the emergence of role models as people could read match reports and relate to their favourite players.
21
Q
Why did the Church promote sport?
A
- encouraged social control (i.e. improved behaviour) through ‘civilised’ activities diverting people away from ‘less socially acceptable activities’ (drinking/gambling).
- Church facilities were provided for venues.
- the clergy viewed sport as a good way to increase church attendance.
22
Q
Social control definition:
A
- the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
23
Q
How did the Church provide more opportunities for sporting involvement?
A
- the church organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions.
- many modern-day football clubs have their origins traceable to church organisations (e.g. Aston Villa)
- the church provided facilities to play sports - such as their church halls and playing fields.
24
Q
What were the ways in which the middle class supported sporting developments.
A
- codification: the gradual organisation and defining of the rules (e.g. for the actual playing of a sport, as well as the conduct and behaviour of participants).
- competitions: the development of leagues and competitions via middle class involvement in public schools/universities/clubs/factory teams/church teams.
- increased leisure time: as middle class factory owners they gradually have their workers more leisure time which allowed more time to watch and participate in sport.
- move to ‘professionalism’: the middle class helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (e.g. setting up factory teams and paying broken time payments in football.
25
Q
What were the middle class?
A
- emerged as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation and played a key role in sporting developments during the 19th century.
- the middle class were self-made individuals who had some empathy and concern for the working classes.
26
Q
How did the development of sport in Britain speed through the British Empire? (Public schools)
A
- as teachers: they developed teams and taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the Empire.
- as clergy: they developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad (good for social control/morality ect)
- as factory owners: they set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport nationally and internationally.
- they formed the NGB of sport which codified soirs and established leagues/competitions.
27
Q
What was public provision?
A
- local council provision of facilities (e.g. sport/recreational) for the masses to participate.
28
Q
What was the influence of public provision on the development and spread of rational recreation?
A
- to try to improve the health and hygiene of the working class the local authorises felt a responsibility to apply for grants to provide public washing facilities and improve their status as a town.
- increased provision was made on the second half of the 19th century for public bath houses
- plunge baths developed for swimming/recreational use.
- involvement in physical activity was a mean of social control and reduced drinking and violence. Also helped impress productivity of workers as they became healthier.
