1.4: The Musculoskeletal System and Analysis of Movement in Physical Activities

Question 1

What are joints?

Answer 1

• a joint is formed where any two or more bones meet.

- are necessary for muscles to lever bones, thus creating movement.

Question 2

What are the types of joints?

Answer 2

• fibrous (fixed)
• cartilaginous (slightly movable)
• synovial (freely movable)

Question 3

what are the two types of synovial joints?

Answer 3

• the ball and socket joint (shoulder and hip)

- hinge joint (elbow, knee and ankle)

Question 4

Label skeleton:

Answer 4

• look at notes

Question 5

What are ball and socket joints?

Answer 5

• allows movement in every direction.
• hip: ball - femur, socket - pelvis
• shoulder: ball - humerus, socket - scapula
• articulating bones:
• hip: femur and pelvis
• shoulder: humerus and scapula

Question 6

Articulating definition:

Answer 6

• this refers to the bones that meet and move at a joint.

Question 7

What movement is there at the shoulder joint?

Answer 7

• abduction
• adduction
• flexion
• extension
• rotation
• hyper-extension

Question 8

What movement is there at the hip joint?

Answer 8

abduction

• adduction
• flexion
• extension
• rotation
• hyper-extension

Question 9

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 9

• allows movement in only one direction, due to the shape of the bones making up the joint.
• examples: ankle, knee and elbow

Question 10

Hinge joint - articulating bones?

Answer 10

• ankle: talus, tibia and fibula
• elbow: humerus, radius and ulna
• knee: femur and tibia

Question 11

what are the types of planes?

Answer 11

• sagittal plane (transverse axis)
• frontal plane (sagittal axis)
• transverse plane (longitudinal axis)

Question 12

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 12

• this is a vertical plane, which divides the body into right and left halves

Question 13

What is the frontal plane?

Answer 13

• a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves.

Question 14

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 14

• this divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Question 15

Différent planes - sporting examples?

Answer 15

• sagittal: bicep curl
• frontal: cartwheel
• transverse: ice-skating 360 degrees spin

Question 16

What are the three axes of movement?

Answer 16

• transverse axis: runs from the side to side across the body.
• sagittal axis: runs from front to back
• longitudinal axis/ runs from top to bottom.

Question 17

Movements in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis?

Answer 17

• flexion
• extension
• hyper-extension
• (plantar flexion and dorsiflexion)

Question 18

Movements in a frontal plane about a sagittal axis?

Answer 18

• abduction

- adduction

Question 19

Movements in a transverse about a longitudinal axis?

Answer 19

• horizontal abduction

- horizontal adduction

Question 20

Flexion définition:

Answer 20

• decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Question 21

Extension definition:

Answer 21

• increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Question 22

Plantar- flexion définition:

Answer 22

• pointing the toes towards the ground/ pulling up on your toes.

Question 23

Dorsiflexion definition:

Answer 23

• pulling the toes up towards the shin

Question 24

Hyper-extension definition:

Answer 24

• increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint.

Question 25

Abduction définition:

Answer 25

- movement of a body part (limb) away from the midline of the body

Question 26

Adduction définition:

Answer 26

- movement of a body part towards the body’s midline.

Question 27

Horizontal abduction définition:

Answer 27

- movement of a limb forwards while it is held parallel to the ground.

Question 28

Horizontal adduction définition:

Answer 28

- movement of a limb backwards while it is being held parallel to the ground.

Question 29

Flexion and extension at the shoulder:

Answer 29

- flexion: raising the arms forward | - extension: lowering the arm down and backwards

Question 30

Agonist definition:

Answer 30

- the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring.

Question 31

Antagonist definition:

Answer 31

- the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist (to help produce a co-ordinated movement)

Question 32

What is the antagonistic muscle action?

Answer 32

- when one muscle is acting as an agonist and the other is acting the antagonist, the muscles are said to be working together as a pair to produce the required movement.

Question 33

elbow flexion - agonist and antagonist

Answer 33

- agonist: biceps | - antagonist: triceps

Question 34

elbow extension - agonist and antagonist :

Answer 34

- agonist: triceps | - antagonist: biceps

Question 35

Ankle plantar flexion - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 35

- agonist: gastrocnemius | - antagonist: tibialis anterior

Question 36

Ankle dorsiflexion - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 36

- agonist: tibialis anterior | - antagonist: gastrocnemius

Question 37

Knee flexion - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 37

- agonist: hamstrings | - antagonist: quadriceps

Question 38

Knee extension - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 38

- agonist: quadriceps | - antagonist: hamstrings

Question 39

Hip flexion - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 39

- agonist: hip flexors (iliopsoas) | - antagonist: gluteals

Question 40

Hip extension/hyper-extension agonist and antagonist:

Answer 40

- agonist: gluteals | - antagonist: hip flexors

Question 41

Hip adduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 41

- agonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus | - antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

Question 42

Hip abduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 42

- agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus | - antagonist: adductors (adductor brevis/longus/magnus

Question 43

Hip horizontal adduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 43

- agonist: adductors | - antagonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus

Question 44

Hip horizontal abduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 44

- agonist: tensor fascia latae and gluteus medius/minimus | - antagonist: adductors

Question 45

Shoulder flexion - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 45

- agonist: anterior deltoid | - antagonist: latissimus dorsi

Question 46

Shoulder extension/hyper-extension - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 46

- agonist: latissimus dorsi | - antagonist: pectorals

Question 47

Shoulder horizontal abduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 47

- agonist: latissimus dorsi | - antagonist: pectorals

Question 48

Shoulder horizontal adduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 48

- agonist: pectorals | - antagonist: latissimus dorsi

Question 49

Shoulder adduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 49

- agonist: posterior deltoid/ latissimus dorsi | - antagonist: middle deltoid/supraspinatus

Question 50

Shoulder abduction - agonist and antagonist:

Answer 50

- agonist: middle deltoid/ supraspinatus | - antagonist: posterior deltoid/ latissimus dorsi.

Question 51

What are the two types of muscular contraction?

Answer 51

- isotonic contraction | - isometric contraction

Question 52

What is an isotonic contraction?

Answer 52

- when a muscle contracts to make movement. | - two types: concentric and eccentric

Question 53

What is a concentric contraction?

Answer 53

- when a muscle shortens under tension - e.g. during the upward phase of an arm curl - the biceps performs a concentric contestation as it shortens to produce flexion of the elbow

Question 54

What is an eccentric contraction?

Answer 54

- when a muscle lengthens under tension or performs negative work and acts like a brake - e.g. landing from a standing jump - quads performing negative work as they are supporting the weight of the body when landing. The knee joint is in the flexed position but the quads are unable to relax as the weight of the body ensures that they lengthen under tension

Question 55

What is an isometric contraction?

Answer 55

- when a muscle can context without actually lengthening or shortening and the result is that no movement occurs - it occurs when a muscle is acting as a fixator or acting against a resistance - e.g. crucifix position in gymnastics.