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AQA A-level Physical Education > 2.1: Skill Characteristics And Their Impact On Transfer And Practice > Flashcards

2.1: Skill Characteristics And Their Impact On Transfer And Practice Flashcards

1
Q

Skill definition:

A
  • the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time, energy or both.
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a skill?

A
  • A: accurate
  • C: consistent
  • E: economical
  • F: fluent
  • A: aesthetically pleasing
  • C: controlled
  • E: effortless
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3
Q

What are the different classifications of a skill?

A
  • open-closed
  • discrete-serial-continuous
  • gross-fine
  • self-paced-externally-paced
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4
Q

Open skill definition:

A
  • a skill performer in an unpredictable environment, e.g. dribbling with a football.
  • directly effected by changing factors such as:
  • the movement of the ball
  • the moment of your teammate
  • wind and other weather conditions
  • positions of opposing players
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5
Q

Closed skill definition:

A
  • a skill performed in a predictable environment.
  • one in which external factors do not change, e.g. throwing a dart. The position of the board, type of dart, etc are all fixed and will not vary from one throw to the next.
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6
Q

Gross skill definition:

A
  • a skill that uses large muscle groups, e.g. swimming/rugby.
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7
Q

Fine skill definition:

A
  • a skill that uses smaller muscle groups, e.g. darts/golf putt
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8
Q

Self-paced skill definition:

A
  • when the performer controls the start and speed of the skill.
  • under the control of the performer, e.g. throwing a javelin.
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9
Q

Externally-paced skill definition:

A
  • when the performer has no control over the start and speed of the skill.
  • the timing or pacing of a skill can be classified according to where the control of the pace lies.
  • external factor affecting start time and external factor affecting speed of movement.
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10
Q

Discrete skill definition:

A
  • a skill that has a clear beginning and end.

- 1 short sharp action, e.g. a tennis serve.

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11
Q

Serial skill definition:

A
  • a skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.
  • e.g. triple jump, gymnastics floor routine.
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12
Q

Continuous skill definition:

A
  • a skill that had no clear beginning and end and often the end of one part or sub routine of the skill.
  • e.g. distance cycling or rowing.
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13
Q

Low-organised skill definition:

A
  • a skill that is easily broken down into parts. E.g. triple jump.
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14
Q

High organised skill definition:

A
  • a skill that is not easily broken into parts.

- e.g. road cycling - has to be practices as a whole.

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15
Q

Simple skill definition:

A
  • a skill that requires few decisions when being performed.

- e.g. rugby - running with the ball in a straight line.

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16
Q

Complex skill definition:

A
  • a skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed.
  • e.g. being able to scrummage properly - requires multiple judgements and decisions.
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17
Q

Transfer definition:

A
  • the effect of learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another.
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18
Q

Positive transfer defintion:

A
  • when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another.
  • where the effect of a previously learned skill has a beneficial effect upon another.
  • for there to be a positive transfer there must be similarity in the structure of the skill component. e.g. chest pass in basketball will help with a chest pass in netball.
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19
Q

Negative transfer definition:

A
  • when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.
  • e.g. similar sports - but with different skill sets. e.g. tennis and badminton.
20
Q

Zero transfer definition:

A
  • when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another. e.g. learning to row would have no impact on learning to swim.
21
Q

Bilateral transfer definition:

A
  • when the learning of one skill is passes across the body from limb to limb. e.g. being able to pass with both feet (football), play snooker with either arm.
22
Q

How to ensure positive transfer?

A
  • praise/rewards - scoring a goal with your weaker foot count as two goals.
  • realistic training - e.g. doing proper rugby tackles instead of using the big, soft cylinders. Make sure the skills are well learnt before moving on.
23
Q

What are the different methods of practice?

A
  • whole practice
  • whole-part-whole practice
  • progressive-part practice
24
Q

What is whole practice?

A
  • practicing the skill in its entirety.
  • the skill is practices as a whole, its not broken down into sub-routines.
  • allows performer to get the correct feel for the skill - receive appropriate internal kinaesthetic feedback.
25
Q

When is whole practiced used?

A
  • when the skill is fast and discrete
  • used if it’s a highly organised skill, or has to be performed quickly
  • if the performer is in the autonomous stage of learning, when movement is detailed and precise and able to cope with the demand of the whole task
  • used when teaching bigger groups
26
Q

What are the advantages of whole practice?

A
  • feel for the skill
  • helps create specific images for LT memory, mental image for whole part of the skill.
  • more realistic than part practice, helps produce positive transfer.
  • helps make the skill consistent.
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole practice?

A
  • may place unnecessary demands on the performer (too much to think about for a beginner)
  • fatigue
  • too much information
28
Q

What is whole-part-whole pratice?

A
  • doing a whole skill to get the initial feel for a movement, identifying a weakness to practice in isolation from the rest of the skill and then putting the whole skill back together, e.g. triple jump.
  • a bigger learning a complex task may have to focus on one part of the skill and get it right, before moving on.
29
Q

What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • provides motivation when weakness is corrected successfully.
  • provides immediate feedback, corrects error.
  • improves performance.
  • fluency can be maintained.
30
Q

What are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • can produce negative transfer unless coach integrates the skill back into the whole - should be done reasonably quickly.
  • more time consuming
31
Q

What is progressive part practice?

A
  • practicing the first part of a skill and then gradually adding parts to it, chaining the parts.
  • chaining: linking sub-routines together in order.
  • good for teaching serial skills and low-organised skill.
32
Q

What are the advantages of progressive-part practice?

A
  • learner can focus on one aspect at a time, correct specific weaknesses
  • helps maintain motivation, multiple small successes.
  • coach and performer can focus on key aspects.
  • learner can rest, avoid fatigue
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of progressive-part practice?

A
  • could lead to negative transfer, if skill isn’t learned properly before moving on.
  • time-consuming
  • may neglect feel of the whole task and links between subroutines.
34
Q

What are the different types of practice?

A
  • massed practice
  • distributed practice
  • varied practice
  • mental practice
35
Q

What is massed practice?

A
  • no rest intervals

- used when the skill is discrete, simple and when the environment is closed.

36
Q

What are the advantages of massed practice?

A
  • promotes fitness/cardiovascular endurance
  • skill becomes habitual
  • motor programmes formed
  • efficient use of coach and player time
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of massed practice?

A
  • fatigue
  • danger of negative transfer
  • demands on the player are high
38
Q

What is distributed practice?

A
  • rest intervals
  • should be used when the skill is continuous and the performer may need a break
  • could be used when the skill is open or complex.
39
Q

What are the advantages of distributed practice?

A
  • takes the pressure off of the performer
  • good for beginners
  • coaching can be implemented during the breaks
  • motivation can be given through praise during rest periods
  • safe
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?

A
  • time-consuming

- danger of negative transfer

41
Q

What is varied practice?

A
  • changing the practice type and practice drills
  • should be used when the skill is open and the environment is unpredictable. The practice session should replicate these conditions.
42
Q

What are the advantages of varied practice?

A
  • shows players to adapt their skills to changing environments, so appropriate for open skills
  • helps add fun - motivation
  • helps to build parts of the skill and develop adapting skills
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of varied practice?

A
  • time consuming
  • risk of negative transfer
  • may place unnecessary demands on performer]
  • fatigue
44
Q

What is mental practice?

A
  • going over the skill in your kind, without movement.
45
Q

Mental practice - beginners:

A
  • short and key parts of the task are emphasised
  • aims at lowering arousal/anxiety, building confidence
  • aims to ‘build a picture’ of the movement, reduce errors.
46
Q

Mental practice - experts:

A
  • specific targets or strategies, can focus on highlighting opponent’s weaknesses.
  • can aim to improve reaction time, activate muscles, help performer to focus
47
Q

What are the advantages of mental practice?

A
  • can be done when injured
  • can be internal or external
  • improves confidence/lowers anxiety
  • improved reaction time
  • improved decision making

AQA A-level Physical Education (15 decks)

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