2.1: Skill Characteristics And Their Impact On Transfer And Practice Flashcards
1
Q
Skill definition:
A
- the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time, energy or both.
2
Q
What are the characteristics of a skill?
A
- A: accurate
- C: consistent
- E: economical
- F: fluent
- A: aesthetically pleasing
- C: controlled
- E: effortless
3
Q
What are the different classifications of a skill?
A
- open-closed
- discrete-serial-continuous
- gross-fine
- self-paced-externally-paced
4
Q
Open skill definition:
A
- a skill performer in an unpredictable environment, e.g. dribbling with a football.
- directly effected by changing factors such as:
- the movement of the ball
- the moment of your teammate
- wind and other weather conditions
- positions of opposing players
5
Q
Closed skill definition:
A
- a skill performed in a predictable environment.
- one in which external factors do not change, e.g. throwing a dart. The position of the board, type of dart, etc are all fixed and will not vary from one throw to the next.
6
Q
Gross skill definition:
A
- a skill that uses large muscle groups, e.g. swimming/rugby.
7
Q
Fine skill definition:
A
- a skill that uses smaller muscle groups, e.g. darts/golf putt
8
Q
Self-paced skill definition:
A
- when the performer controls the start and speed of the skill.
- under the control of the performer, e.g. throwing a javelin.
9
Q
Externally-paced skill definition:
A
- when the performer has no control over the start and speed of the skill.
- the timing or pacing of a skill can be classified according to where the control of the pace lies.
- external factor affecting start time and external factor affecting speed of movement.
10
Q
Discrete skill definition:
A
- a skill that has a clear beginning and end.
- 1 short sharp action, e.g. a tennis serve.
11
Q
Serial skill definition:
A
- a skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.
- e.g. triple jump, gymnastics floor routine.
12
Q
Continuous skill definition:
A
- a skill that had no clear beginning and end and often the end of one part or sub routine of the skill.
- e.g. distance cycling or rowing.
13
Q
Low-organised skill definition:
A
- a skill that is easily broken down into parts. E.g. triple jump.
14
Q
High organised skill definition:
A
- a skill that is not easily broken into parts.
- e.g. road cycling - has to be practices as a whole.
15
Q
Simple skill definition:
A
- a skill that requires few decisions when being performed.
- e.g. rugby - running with the ball in a straight line.
16
Q
Complex skill definition:
A
- a skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed.
- e.g. being able to scrummage properly - requires multiple judgements and decisions.
17
Q
Transfer definition:
A
- the effect of learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another.
18
Q
Positive transfer defintion:
A
- when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another.
- where the effect of a previously learned skill has a beneficial effect upon another.
- for there to be a positive transfer there must be similarity in the structure of the skill component. e.g. chest pass in basketball will help with a chest pass in netball.
19
Q
Negative transfer definition:
A
- when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.
- e.g. similar sports - but with different skill sets. e.g. tennis and badminton.
20
Q
Zero transfer definition:
A
- when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another. e.g. learning to row would have no impact on learning to swim.
21
Q
Bilateral transfer definition:
A
- when the learning of one skill is passes across the body from limb to limb. e.g. being able to pass with both feet (football), play snooker with either arm.
22
Q
How to ensure positive transfer?
A
- praise/rewards - scoring a goal with your weaker foot count as two goals.
- realistic training - e.g. doing proper rugby tackles instead of using the big, soft cylinders. Make sure the skills are well learnt before moving on.
23
Q
What are the different methods of practice?
A
- whole practice
- whole-part-whole practice
- progressive-part practice
24
Q
What is whole practice?
A
- practicing the skill in its entirety.
- the skill is practices as a whole, its not broken down into sub-routines.
- allows performer to get the correct feel for the skill - receive appropriate internal kinaesthetic feedback.
25
When is whole practiced used?
- when the skill is fast and discrete
- used if it's a highly organised skill, or has to be performed quickly
- if the performer is in the autonomous stage of learning, when movement is detailed and precise and able to cope with the demand of the whole task
- used when teaching bigger groups
26
What are the advantages of whole practice?
- feel for the skill
- helps create specific images for LT memory, mental image for whole part of the skill.
- more realistic than part practice, helps produce positive transfer.
- helps make the skill consistent.
27
What are the disadvantages of whole practice?
- may place unnecessary demands on the performer (too much to think about for a beginner)
- fatigue
- too much information
28
What is whole-part-whole pratice?
- doing a whole skill to get the initial feel for a movement, identifying a weakness to practice in isolation from the rest of the skill and then putting the whole skill back together, e.g. triple jump.
- a bigger learning a complex task may have to focus on one part of the skill and get it right, before moving on.
29
What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- provides motivation when weakness is corrected successfully.
- provides immediate feedback, corrects error.
- improves performance.
- fluency can be maintained.
30
What are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- can produce negative transfer unless coach integrates the skill back into the whole - should be done reasonably quickly.
- more time consuming
31
What is progressive part practice?
- practicing the first part of a skill and then gradually adding parts to it, chaining the parts.
- chaining: linking sub-routines together in order.
- good for teaching serial skills and low-organised skill.
32
What are the advantages of progressive-part practice?
- learner can focus on one aspect at a time, correct specific weaknesses
- helps maintain motivation, multiple small successes.
- coach and performer can focus on key aspects.
- learner can rest, avoid fatigue
33
What are the disadvantages of progressive-part practice?
- could lead to negative transfer, if skill isn't learned properly before moving on.
- time-consuming
- may neglect feel of the whole task and links between subroutines.
34
What are the different types of practice?
- massed practice
- distributed practice
- varied practice
- mental practice
35
What is massed practice?
- no rest intervals
| - used when the skill is discrete, simple and when the environment is closed.
36
What are the advantages of massed practice?
- promotes fitness/cardiovascular endurance
- skill becomes habitual
- motor programmes formed
- efficient use of coach and player time
37
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- fatigue
- danger of negative transfer
- demands on the player are high
38
What is distributed practice?
- rest intervals
- should be used when the skill is continuous and the performer may need a break
- could be used when the skill is open or complex.
39
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
- takes the pressure off of the performer
- good for beginners
- coaching can be implemented during the breaks
- motivation can be given through praise during rest periods
- safe
40
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- time-consuming
| - danger of negative transfer
41
What is varied practice?
- changing the practice type and practice drills
- should be used when the skill is open and the environment is unpredictable. The practice session should replicate these conditions.
42
What are the advantages of varied practice?
- shows players to adapt their skills to changing environments, so appropriate for open skills
- helps add fun - motivation
- helps to build parts of the skill and develop adapting skills
43
What are the disadvantages of varied practice?
- time consuming
- risk of negative transfer
- may place unnecessary demands on performer]
- fatigue
44
What is mental practice?
- going over the skill in your kind, without movement.
45
Mental practice - beginners:
- short and key parts of the task are emphasised
- aims at lowering arousal/anxiety, building confidence
- aims to 'build a picture' of the movement, reduce errors.
46
Mental practice - experts:
- specific targets or strategies, can focus on highlighting opponent's weaknesses.
- can aim to improve reaction time, activate muscles, help performer to focus
47
What are the advantages of mental practice?
- can be done when injured
- can be internal or external
- improves confidence/lowers anxiety
- improved reaction time
- improved decision making
