3 kidney anatomy

Question 1

What makes up the urinary system?

Answer 1

Two kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Question 2

Describe the kidneys.

Answer 2

Reddish brown, bean-shaped organ with a smooth surface

Question 3

What is the renal capsule?

Answer 3

A fibrous capsule around the kidney

Question 4

What is the renal cortex?

Answer 4

The outer region of the kidney

Question 5

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 5

The inner region of the kidney, consisting of renal pyramids

Question 6

What are renal columns?

Answer 6

Extensions of the cortex that dip into the medulla

Question 7

What is the renal pelvis?

Answer 7

A funnel-shaped sack at the superior end of the ureter

Question 8

What are major calyces?

Answer 8

Large tubes that merge to form the renal pelvis

Question 9

What are minor calyces?

Answer 9

Small tubes that merge to form major calyces

Question 10

Describe the renal artery entry.

Answer 10

Branches off the abdominal aorta and enters the kidney through the hilum

Question 11

What branches off of the renal artery?

Answer 11

Segmental arteries

Question 12

What branches off of segmental arteries?

Answer 12

Interlobar arteries

Question 13

What branches off of interlobar arteries?

Answer 13

Arcuate (arciform) arteries

Question 14

Where do interlobar arteries go?

Answer 14

They flow between renal pyramids

Question 15

Where do arcuate arteries go?

Answer 15

They arch around renal pyramids

Question 16

What branches off of arcuate arteries?

Answer 16

Cortical radiate arteries

Question 17

Where does the renal tubule go from and to?

Answer 17

From Bowman’s capsule to collecting duct

Question 18

What is the renal tubule?

Answer 18

Distal tubules of several nephrons that empty into a collecting duct

Question 19

Where does the collecting duct go?

Answer 19

It goes through the medulla and drains through the renal papilla into a minor calyx

Question 20

What branches off of cortical radiate arteries?

Answer 20

Afferent arterioles

Question 21

What branches from the afferent arterioles?

Answer 21

The glomerulus

Question 22

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 22

A capillary cluster that filters blood in each nephron

Question 23

What arises from merging of glomerular capillaries?

Answer 23

Efferent arterioles

Question 24

What do efferent arterioles do?

Answer 24

Transport blood that was not filtered by glomerulus

Question 25

What branches off of the efferent arteriole?

Answer 25

The peritubular capillaries which then surround renal tubules

Question 26

What are the 2 types of nephron in the kidney?

Answer 26

The cortical and juxtamedullary nephron

Question 27

Describe cortical nephron.

Answer 27

Majority of nephrons (85%) - lie in renal cortex - have short nephron loops - renal corpuscles located near the surface of the kidney

Question 28

Describe juxtamedullary nephron.

Answer 28

15% of nephrons - have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla - renal corpuscles lie deep in renal cortex - is important in regulating water balance and urine concentration

Question 29

What are peritubular capillaries?

Answer 29

They are a polar system where blood circulates through two capillary beds

Question 30

Describe the vasa recta.

Answer 30

It branches off of the efferent arteriole and runs parallel to the tubules descending into the medulla, forming a capillary network then returning to the cortex

Question 31

What does juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

Answer 31

- Regulate secretion of renin - monitors and adjusts BP and sodium chloride content of filtrate

Question 32

Where is juxtaglomerular apparatus found?

Answer 32

Found at the point of contact where ascending limb passes between the afferent and efferent arteriole

Question 33

What is the macula densa?

Answer 33

Consists of tall, closely packed cells of the ascending limb which monitors NaCl content of filtrate

Question 34

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

Answer 34

Vascular smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole which monitor blood pressure

Question 35

What are the 3 processes of urine formation?

Answer 35

1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion

Question 36

Describe glomerular filtration.

Answer 36

- Performed by specialised glomerular capillaries - water and small molecules are filtered - filtered fluids enter renal tubules and become tubular fluid

Question 37

Describe tubular reabsorption.

Answer 37

Transfer of filtered substances from renal tubules to peritubular capillaries only reclaims useful substances while wastes continue to become urine

Question 38

Describe tubular secretion.

Answer 38

Transfer of certain substances from peritubular capillaries to renal tubules, adds waste products and excess substances to forming urine.

Question 39

What is glomerular filtrate composed of?

Answer 39

Mainly water, glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ions

Question 40

What substances do not appear in the filtrate?

Answer 40

Blood cells, plasma proteins, large anions, protein-bound minerals and hormones, most molecules >8nm in diameter

Question 41

What is the equation for net filtration pressure?

Answer 41

Forces favouring filtration - forces opposing filtration

Question 42

What does the net filtration pressure need to be for filtration?

Answer 42

Positive

Question 43

What forces favour filtration?

Answer 43

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 44

What forces oppose filtration?

Answer 44

Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 45

What is the average glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 45

125mL/min or 180L/day

Question 46

What is GFR proportional to?

Answer 46

The net filtration pressure

Question 47

What affects GFR?

Answer 47

Changes in diameter of afferent or efferent arteriole and anything that changes NFP