3 - Important Points Flashcards

1
Q

What is amelia?

A

A complete absence of a limb or limbs

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2
Q

What is meromelia?

A

Partial absence of a limb or limbs

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3
Q

A complete absence of a limb or limbs?

A

Amelia

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4
Q

Partial absence of a limb or limbs?

A

Meromelia

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5
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Extra fingers or toesIn the hand, the extra digit is either on the ulnar or radial side rather than central; in the foot it on the fibular side

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6
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Fusion of fingers or toes;results from a lack of differentiation between two or more digits.Some cases fusion of the bones, others just thinner tissue connected

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7
Q

What is cutaneous synactlyly?

A

Webbing of the skin between the fingers and toes results from failure of this tissue breakdown to occur.

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8
Q

What is osseous syndactyly?

A

Fusion of the bones of the digits

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9
Q

What is the structural defect underlying congenital dislocation of the hip

A

Underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of femur.

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10
Q

What is the function of the AER?

A

Stimulates outgrowth of limb and maintains undifferentiated state in mesenchyme immediately underlying it.

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11
Q

What is subcutaneous bursitis?

A

Burs lying between the skin and the olecranon process of the ulna becomes inflamed and produces a swelling due to excessive friction. May become infected and inflamed.

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12
Q

State three factors which contribute to stability of a joint

A

The tone of the rotator cuff muscles; the coracobrachialis, the short head of biceps and the long head of triceps assist the deltoid in resisting downward dislocation of the joint.Capsular and extracapsular ligaments.Glenoid labrum helps to deepen the glenoid fossa (cavity).

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13
Q

What is the coraco acromial arch?

A

osseoligamentous structure formed by the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula with the coracoacromial ligament spanning between them.

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14
Q

What does the coraco acromial arch prevent?

A

Superior dislocation of the humeral head

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15
Q

Where is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

The anatomical neck is formed by the groove circumscribing and separating the head from the greater and lesser tubercles.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

The articular capsule of the joint is attached nearby. The anatomical neck also marks the region of the epiphyseal growth plate during the growth in length of the humerus.

17
Q

List the six movements of the scapula and the muscles associated

A

Protraction – Serratus anteriorRetraction – (Middle fibres of) trapezius, rhomboidsElevation – (Upper fibres of) trapezius, levator scapulaeDepression – (gravity) (relaxation of elevator muscles)Lateral rotation/upward rotation – upper and lower fibres of trapeziusMedial rotation/downward rotation – Latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids (tilt glenoid cavity inferiorly)

18
Q

What are the muscles involved in abduction of the arm?

A

Supraspinatus (15 – 20)Deltoid (90)Upper and lower fibres of the trapezius (above 90)Serratus anterior

19
Q

Describe two effects of a torn supraspinatus tendon

A

Failure of initiation of abduction in first 15 degreesWhen the person is asked to lower the fully abducted arm slowly and smoothly, from approximately 90 , the limb suddenly drops to the side in an uncontrolled manner.

20
Q

Explain painful arc syndrome

A

When the bursa is inflamed (subacromial bursitis), abduction of the arm is extremely painful during the arc of 50* to 90* (“painful arc syndrome”). The pain may radiate as far distally as the hand. Acute pain is also felt lateral to the acromionNote that this is when the deltoid responsible for abduction, the tendon of which moves over subacromial bursa