1 - Bones and Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue found in the skeletal tissue?

A

BoneCartilage

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2
Q

What is the external surface of a long bone made up of?

A

Compact bone

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3
Q

Was is contained in the medullary cavity of a long bone?

A

Red bone marrow, produces red blood cells

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4
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called, and what is it formed from?

A

The diaphysis, formed from primary ossification centre by endochondral ossification

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5
Q

What is at either ends of the long bone? How are they formed?

A

The epiphysis, formed from secondary ossification during endochondral ossification.

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6
Q

What is the main difference between the skeleton of a growing adolescent and an adult?

A

In the growing adolescent skeleton the diaphysis and epiphysis are not fused and gaps are present, the epiphyseal plates which allow growth and eventually fuse

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7
Q

What may be seen on the radiograph of an adult?

A

An epiphyseal line, from the fusion of growth plates

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8
Q

What is at the very end of the diaphysis, and what are they attached to?

A

the metaphysis, this are adjacent to the epiphyseal plate

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9
Q

Where is cartilage present?

A

in areas where more flexibility is required, for example the costal cartilages allow the ribs cage to move during respiration

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10
Q

What is the function of articular hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular hyaline cartilage covers the surfaces of bones and has a protective role to minimise friction on movement

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11
Q

What happens in arthritis?

A

Articular hyaline cartilage worn away

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12
Q

What two sections is the skeleton divided into?

A

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

The skullFacial bonesCervical verterbraeThoracic and Lumbar verterbraHyoid bone

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A

The limbs, including the pelvic and pectoral girdle

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15
Q

Give four functions of the skeleton

A

supports all soft tissues in the body protects vital organsmechanical base for movement and leverage at jointsstores salts and provides a continuous supply of blood cells from the red bone marrow

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16
Q

How are bones classified?

A

According to shape

17
Q

Name five types of bones

A

Long bonesCuboidal bonesFlat bonesIrregular bonesSesamoid bones

18
Q

Describe long bones and give an example

A

femur, long bones tend to have a long shaft with expanded ends (condyles)

19
Q

Describe cuboidal bones and give an example

A

These are only found in the wrist and foot, they provide strength but display limited movement.Carpal bones and Tarsal bones in wrist (8+7)

20
Q

Describe flat bones and give an example

A

these are thin layers of cancellous bone sandwiched together by strong bone e.g. bones of the skull and the ribs

21
Q

Describe irregular bones and give an example

A

bones of the face and the individual vertebrae

22
Q

Describe sesamoid bones and give an example

A

bones which form within tendonsthe patella which is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, it forms in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. The patella helps to prevent tendons from wear and tear

23
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet or articulate

24
Q

How are joints classified?

A

According to structure and movement (or lack thereof)

25
Q

What are the three main types of joint?

A

Fibrous (synarthrosis) - virtually no movementCartilaginous - No/minimal movementSynovial - range of movement

26
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joint?

A
  • Sutures found in skull. Limited movement to 20 years when they become fixed- Gomphoses - Where teeth articulate with maxillae and mandible- Syndemoses - Bones held together by an interosseous membrane, found between radius and ulna and tibia and fibia
27
Q

Give two types of cartaliginous joints

A

Synchondroses - Primary cartilaginous joints, layer of cartilage between two bones with minimal movement- Symphses - Secondary cartilaginous joints, occur on ends of bones covered with hyaline cartilage. Variable movement.

28
Q

What is a synovial joint characterized by?

A

Presence of a synovial membrane

29
Q

What are the two parts of a synovial membrane?

A

Fibrous capsule with supportive layer on outside which encloses joint.Inner synovial membrane which secretes and absorbs synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint preventing friction.

30
Q

What can the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint also be called?

A

Capsular ligaments, encloses joint and blends it with periosteum of the bone

31
Q

What is present at the ends of bone?

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage which becomes thinner and more brittle with increasing age

32
Q

What is a intra articular disc composed of?

A

fibrocartilage

33
Q

What are the seven ways of classifying synovial joints?

A

Herminoe’s perfectCan’t eat sad peoples ball sackHinge allows flexion and extension, this movement occurs in one plane only, such joints include the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the digitsCondylar allows flexion extension and rotationEllipsoid allows flexion extension abduction adduction, this shows movement in 2 planes and such joints are wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints of the digitsSaddle PivotBall and socket such as the shoulder and hipPlane or gliding joint where only slight shifting can occur such as in the tibiofibular joint

34
Q

What are the eight movements produced by a synovial joint?

A

FlexionExtensionAbductionAdductionInternal rotationExternal rotationCircumductionGliding