3 - Impact of war with Austria Flashcards
why were there particularly high casualties for both sides
new and more accurate weaponry
2 minor victories which paved the way for magenta and solferino
- Palestro (piedmontese army)
- Como (garibaldi)
minor victories which paved the way for magenta and solferino - COMO
may 1859
led by garibaldi’s army (3000 strong ‘Alpine Hunters’)
what were magenta and solferino
large scale battles
austria defeated at both
when were the two battles magenta and solferino
magenta 4 june
solferino 24 june
magenta casualties
4000 allies killed/wounded
6000 austrians killed/wounded
the bloodletting was so much that it provided the name for a new variant of red dye
solferino casualty rate
combined figure of 40,000
+ 4500 austrian troops taken prisoner
doctors
only 1 doctor per 500 casualties on the allied side
meant that the chances of survival for many of the wounded was low
even though austria was defeated at magenta/soflerino..
they still held the quadrilateral
and there was little prospect of the allies defeating the 150,000-strong austrian army
napoleon was aware that..
franz joseph could suffer a long war but he couldnt
italian unity in the later part of 1859..
stalled
cavour’s resignation and the peace settlement
what was napoleon’s ambition
‘free italy from the alps to the adriatic’
seemed unlikely in the ST - this is why he sued for peace
when was the armistice proposed
by napoleon iii on 8 july 1859
followed by a meeting at villafranca on 11 july (between france and austria only)
why did napoleon sue for peace
- believed papacy was under threat
- on 24 june the prussians mobilised on the banks of the rhine
- worried the british would fail to support him
both sides at villafranca were keen to
downplay austria’s defeats and italy’s nationalist sentiment
aspects of plombieres
only some were kept
e.g. austria agreed to give lombardy (but to france) and venetia was kept
rulers in central italy..
were to be restored
piedmont was forbidden to annex…
Mantua and Peschiera
2 of the quadrilateral fortresses in lombardy
cavour’s response to villafranca
resign in disgust
therefore he was not present at the zurich peace conference
zurich conference
november 1859
formally ended the war
napoleon suggested that central europe should be controlled by a congress of european powers (in the hope that he could win it back)
le pape et le congres
december 1859
ideas came from Louis Napoleon
main point was that the decline of the papacy was inevitable
piedmontisation
piedmotn acquired lombardy in late 1859 when cavour was out of office
the government of la marmora decided to impose piedmontese administrative model on lombardy without debate (even though they had been promised a constituent assembly and only 2% of lombardy spoke italian. it also had its own education/legal/gov system)
modena piedmontisation
a popular assembly controlled by Farini voted for annexation
british influence
saw villafranca/zurich as a betrayal to italy BUT
by accepting a decline in papal power LN pleased the british
saw villafranca/zurich as a betrayal to italy BUT
by accepting a decline in papal power LN pleased the
cavour returned to PM
january 1860
immediately started negotiating the treaty of turin with napoleon
cavour knew that
britain/france would see plebiscites as acceptable
ricasoli
held power in tuscany
GDL not restored
and his local assembly asked for annexation in august 1859
plebiscites announced in tuscany/emilia
march 1860
ricasoli and farini announced
plebcites for annexation
national society campaigned
all men over 21 could vote but there was widespread vote rigging
overall yes
tuscany - 400,000 yes 14,000 no
britain objected to
french expansion
(nice/savoy)
treaty of turin
piedmont hand over nice/savoy
france accept duchies annexed if there was plebiscites
france would fully give lombardy
march 1860
