1 - Reasons for failure of revolutions

Question 1

6 reasons for failure

Answer 1

lack of unity, austrian intervention, french intervention, papacy, piedmont’s weaknesses, lack of international support

Question 2

lack of unity - aims

Answer 2

piedmont - remove austrians
sicily - new constitution and autonomy
venice - republic
rome - republic and secular state

Question 3

lack of unity - geography

Answer 3

although northern states started to coordinate (asking CA for protection), some revolutions were urban based (milan/rome/venice) but others were rural (sicily)

Question 4

austrian intervention

Answer 4

although austria had to withdraw to the quadrilateral and metternich had resigned, they were still militarily stronger.
once control was reestablished in vienna, they were able to return.
custozza july 1848 and novara march 1849

Question 5

what did pius’s allocution show

Answer 5

that austria was too strong to be challenged

Question 6

louis napoleon’s changed attitude

Answer 6

changed from youth sympathy as he wanted catholic support

Question 7

whilst many french sympathised with the roman republic’s cause..

Answer 7

the French National Assembly voted to reestablish the status quo and send in a force to protect the pope in 1849

Question 8

piedmont’s weaknesses

Answer 8

• needed foreign support
• not nationalistic - only wanted austria out of the north
• mazzinianism had to be kept in check as this limited foreign help

Question 9

papal allocution was a

Answer 9

turning point in the revolutions

Question 10

2 things the papal allocution caused

Answer 10

• paralysed the papal army
• showed that pius didn’t support nationalism and wouldn’t go to war with austria

Question 11

papacy’s reaction - strengthen his own position

Answer 11

strengthen his temporal power
would even call on foreigners to do so
(papal rule restored in april 1849 when austrian/french/neopolitan forces invaded PS)

Question 12

CA said that Italy would

Answer 12

“go it alone”
he meant that in the sense that france would not intervene again

Question 13

britain influence

Answer 13

in 1848 june - Lord Palmerston (foreign secretary) encouraged austrians to abandon northern italy
acted as a mediator with france, resulting in the salasco armistice
problem was Italy needed military support, not mediators

Question 14

louis napoleon’s election

Answer 14

dec 1848
PM Gioberti was convinced he would help, but he didn’t. neither the british/french wanted a war with austria