2 - Legacy of 1848-9 Flashcards
how was piedmont a contrast to other states
compromised between liberal reform and royal power
for most of the 1850s, who dominated the piedmontese parliament
moderate liberals
although many were pro Piedmont/anti-austria rather than nationalist
this meant that change was free trade and economic reform
cavour met with who in 1856?
manin
garibaldi
although they failed to agree on Italy’s future, it was a step.
nationalism influenced who?
moderate liberals e.g. cavour
in turn, moderate liberalism changed nationalism to become more pragmatic and conservative
when did French troops stay in rome and why
1849-1870
guarantee papal power
why was it ironic about france
liberal france was protecting the reactionary rule of the papacy
(Louis Napoleon forced to otherwise he would have alienated catholic opinion at home)
the french garrison in rome did what?
shielded the papacy against change
after 1849, how was mazzinianism viewed (LONG TERM)
weak - highlighted weakness of tactics and its limited support
how was mazzini viewed in the short term post-1849
hero - worthwhile failure as he had acted directly against perceived oppression
when he went to exile in London he was also seen as a hero. it was there that he founded the Italian Committee (promoted nationalist cause in Italy)
was nationalist revolution popular post-1849?
although popular in england (mazzini’s welcome), it had lost support in italy
there was a revolution in sicily in 1851 which failed to win support
what did austria do to mazzinians post-1849?
during 1851/2
austrian authorities infiltrated mazzinian secret organistaions and arrested supporters
meant that 1853 uprising in milan failed (which damaged his reputation as 50 of the revolutionaries were shot)
other revolutions post 1849 that failed (4)
sicily 1851
massa 1854
palermo 1856
pisacane 1857
pisacane
1857
seized a small ship, the Cagliari, and sailed for Sapri with a motley group of supporters.
on arrival they were met with hostile locals and neopolitan forces. pisacane committed suicide and others were executed
garibaldi and mazzini
from 1854 onwards garibaldi started to distance himself
what did Daniele Manin do in 1855
declared unconditional support for Piedmont
what cemented the end of mazzinianism
many supporters flocked to join the national society (set up in 1857)
Motu Proprio
september 1849
document issued/signed by the pope
the pope promised limited administrative and judicial reform but argued that liberalism misled the masses
allocution - weaknesses
turning point
gioberti’s ideas were dashed
weaknesses of the pope’s temporal power
Pius IX fleeing to Gaeta in November 1848
creation of the Roman Republic in Feb 1849
pius’s reforms were only taken to..
strengthen his temporal and spiritual power
seen in september 1848 when he made Rossi PM
cardinal antonelli
pius appointed him secretary of state in 1848
after pius’s return to rome in 1850, pius withdrew from politics and antonelli ruled the papal states.
period of reaction - laymen excluded from office and political prisoners imprisoned
attempted assassination of antonelli
in 1855
De Felici (assassin) failed
shown no mercy and was executed by the guillotine
Antonelli and investment
some investment in public works e.g. Ostia swamps drained, ports improved
by 1860, all of the main papal towns connected by telegraph
BUT the majority still lived in abject poverty
what did tuscany do in 1851
grand duke leopold signed a concordat with the papacy
concordat significance
church regains control over family, law and education
shows continued church influence
international concordats
spain 1851
guatemala 1852
austria 1855
austrian power remained strong post-1849 even though..
metternich resigned 1848 march
financial crisis
3 examples of austrian military supremacy (during revolutions)
custozza july 1848
novara march 1849
collapse of venetian republic august 1849
what did pius’s allocution show
that austria was too strong to be realistically challenged
Franz Joseph
ferdinand (previous emperor) abdicated in late 1848 and was replaced by Franz Joseph
attempted to reassert control after Vienna’s revolution
what was the Zollverein
union of mainly northern-Germanic states
created 1834
formed to try to achieve economic union
austria excluded and prussia dominated
what did the hapsburgs try to do
1849 and 1852
tried to create a southern germany/middle europe equivalent of the zollverein
failed
1850 prussian league
tried to assert prussian leadership in the north of germany
but austria defeated them and disbanded the league through the treaty of Ollmütz
showed austrian power
even though prussia backed down in 1850 with the Treaty of Ollmutz…
prussia in the LT was able to consolidate its economic leadership of the germanic states
the Zollverein was ‘completed’ in 1853 which isolated and weakened austria economically
this made political change possible in italy
statuto post revolutions
survived post 1848 when other states became more repressed
statuto points
guaranteed individual liberty
press mostly free
legislation passed by the king in the 2 chambers of parliament
gave the king greater authority (could choose his ministers with no intervention, control over army)
article 5 of statuto
gave king sole control over foreign policy and made him in charge of army
statuto attracted..
political refugees
in 1849, 50,000 fled to piedmont
many were intellectuals e.g. Franceso Ferrara which meant piedmont became the centre for liberal thought
VE II and the statuto post revolutions
he was encouraged by the austrians to keep it
the austrians wanted an ally against potential radicals so were keen to appeal to VE
in 1849, VE appointed D’Azeglio as his PM, who convinced him to keep it
established church in piedmont
statuto established catholic church as piedmontese church
siccardi laws generally
introduced by giuseppe siccardi in 1850
controlled power of the church (mostly done through a concordat BUT these laws did not consult with the church before passing them)
allowed piedmont to reduce church influence
4 points of the siccardi laws
- separate courts for church members abolished
- criminals couldn’t seek sanctuary in a church
- religious groups restricted in their right to buy property
- number of religious feast days reduced
