1 - Revolutions of 1848-9 Flashcards
underlying causes of unrest
social and economic
which then turned into a political demonstration
causes - liberalism
- heightened hopes due to Pius’s election in 1846
- events in switzerland in 1847 (liberal constitution forced which ended the conservative alliance Sonderbund)
- previous liberal reforms failed to satisfy
causes - economic
1846/7 failed harvests
caused food riots
causes - land
southern areas (e.g. calabria) had common land taken from the peasantry and their response was violence
causes - underemployment
north
textile industries
narrow industrial base
workers destroyed their machinery
causes - long term
call from nationalists to destroy austrian empire
limited previous reforms - causes
failed to satisfy
- charles albert’s 1847 limited reforms (reorganisation of local gov, relaxed censorship) and sacking of conservative minister Solara della Margarita
- tuscany - grand duke leopold ii introduced limited reforms
outbreak of revolution: sicily
(jan 1848, feb granted constitution)
caused by poor living conditions and a brutal administration.
palermo uprising led by Rosalino Pilo
wanted a new constitution to give them autonomy
sicily revolutions - provisional government
set up a national guard
all key gov posts reserved for sicilians
elections took place march 1848
in april 1848, parliament declared the king was no longer the ruler.
sicily revolutions - ferdinand’s response
september 1848
launched a military assault which landed him the nickname King Bomba
took until May 1849 to defeat
(in this time the revolution spread to mainland, especially since there was no support from Austria as they were busy in the papal states)
outbreak of revolution: lombardy
milan
people boycotted tobacco as the austrians held a monopoly over its sale (5 million lire a year raised in taxes)
not a fullscale uprising but they did attack austrian soldiers who were seen smoking.
caused 5 Days of Milan
what happened in march 1848
metternich resigned as foreign minister
triggered more protest
5 Days of Milan
march 1848
radetsky withdrew to the quadrilateral, leaving a political vacuum.
provisional gov set up and led by Cassati (moderate who wanted union with Piedmont) who asked CA for protection
outbreak of revolution: venice
- protests demanded the release of political prisoner Daniele Manin
- he was released in march 1848 and the venetian republic was declraed by the people
- manin went with public vote (against his own beliefs) and also asked CA for assistance
what did the 1848 revolutions show
that foreign support was needed to defeat austria
when did Tuscany get a constitution
feb 1848
CA followed in March
statuto
march 1848
king kept majority of power, but guaranteed civil liberties and modernised parliament
when did Piedmont declare war on austria
22 march 1848
metternich had just resigned and CA was worried about potential french intervention AND the milan rebellion spreading
what happened when CA declared war on austria in march
invasion of lombardy with troops converging from all over italy (e.g. naples army, army from PS led by General Durango - went against Pius’s orders)
pius’s allocution
in response to Durango’s disobedience - showed declining temporal power
april 1848
ended neoguelphists hopes
protecting pope’s own interests as he was concerned the papal army would provoke austrian violence in PS
why did austria want to hold onto lombardy (risky as if Piedmont won they could advance into austria)
radetsky spent most of his military career in northern italy and he knew the strength of the quadrilateral.
in june 1848, the austrians ordered him to seek peace but he persuaded them to fight
initially CA was successful in Lombardy. But…
a french army (30,000) amassed on the piedmontese border
AND
24 july was the custozza loss for CA.
after Custozza what happened
24 july - lost
radetsky pressed the home advantage
piedmont expelled 4 august
salasco armistice 11th august
in november 1848, who was appointed austrian PM
schwarzenberg - didn’t want to compromise with piedmont at all
why did CA do one final push at novara
convinced by gioberti to do so
novara
loss
23 march
1849
piedmont forced to pay..
65 million francs in reparations
counter revolution in lombardy
radetsky’s army was supported by farmers who preferred austrian rule over the landlords
counter revolution in tuscany
although a tuscan republic was declared in 1849 following Grand Duke Leopold’s fleeing, moderates were able to take hold of much of the power and this paved the way for his return (supported by austrian troops)
counter revolution in venice
only the republic of venice survived - the rest under austrian control
venice was besieged by the austrians and held out for a year despite hunger/cholera.
radetsky succeeded 27th august 1849
counter revolution in naples
ferdinand launched a counter revolution as he wanted to close down the parliament set up in the new constitution
many of the poorest (lazaroni) shouted slogans in support of the king.
when ferdinand regained power in 1849 it was welcomed by many influential sicilians (including the mafiosi leaders)
counter revolution - peasants in general
tired of unsuccessful revolutions which only meant more soldiers and less food
counter revolution in the MC
saw revolution as anti-stability
the roman republic proved that
mazzini’s ideas could be practically carried out
what did Pius do when he was scared of a military coup in september 1848
appointed the conservative count rossi, hoping he would act firmly against the liberals.
however, he was murdered in november while entering the Roman parliament.
pius then flees to naples
revolutionary government in papal states
led by Galleti (more moderate mazzinian)
short time in office but introduced some popular measures (e.g. abolition of the Macinato (unpopular corn tax))
elections held and the costituente declared the end of the pope’s power and the founding of the roman republic
triumvarate
mazzini, armellini, saffi
ordered clearing of roman slums, redistributed some church land, ended church press control, issued a constitution (but by this point it was too late)
pius’s counter to the roman republic
in april 1849
he called on the help of spanish, french and neopolitan forces
france and the roman republic
louis napoleon as president
wanted to win catholic support so sent a force to Italy led by General Oudinot
fought garibaldi’s makeshift army of 4000 with 20,000. held off for 2 months but entered rome on 3 july
garibadi’s speech
future of romes defenders would be one of “hunger, thirst, forced marches”
to his 4000
