1 - Nationalist influences Flashcards
young italy when
formed 1831
caused by revolution failure in 20s/30s
young italy membership
wider membership than secret societies
but by no means a national movement
how was young italy like a secret society
uniforms
passwords
young italy journal
edited by mazzini
ideas spread from Marseilles (his base) and circulated in Italy (mainly piedmont)
mazzini’s ideas
- creation of a nation state (republic and democratic)
- achieved by NATIONAl revolution
what did mazzini say about national movements
1829
“the fatherland of an Italian is the whole of Italy”
who shared mazzinis views
some MC/UC - mainly privileged individuals (e.g. Bandiera brothers group in 1844) however this group was small (BB - only 19 and gained 2 in the revolution itself)
no peasant support as they were only interested in land ownership, not a nation state
too radical for full UC support
failures of mazzini
1833 proposed army coup was detected before it even began. harshly responded to by CA (12 executed and more than 40 arrested)
1834 scheduled uprising in Genoa (Garibaldi led) failed to gain support
mazzini impact
- his ideas became a laughing stock
- ideas did help foster a developing national consciousness
Charles Albert
became king 1831
absolutist with no desire to grant a constitution, but tolerated nationalist ideas (e.g. scientific congresses held in piedmont)
Le Speranza d’Italia
1844 - Balbo
argued for a federation of italian states (north) led by Piedmontese monarchy and educated
favoured diplomacy over revolution (but didn’t say what would happen if austria refused)
On Recent Events in Romagna
1845
d’azeglio
firsthand account of an attempted revolution in the papal states
said that those who died should be martyrs as they fought against austrian tyranny.
d’azeglio and balbo’s books
both agreed that public and european opinion would be crucial for the success of italian nationalism.
both agreed liberation of the people should come from the educated class
Primato
1843 gioberti
he outlined a more moderate approach (than Mazzini) arguing for italian independence in a federation under the pope. the pope would give the italians the moral upper hand.
(neoguelph beliefs)
problem with gioberti
didn’t mention austria’s control of lombardy/venetia in primato
didn’t acknowledge how papal rule in the PS was neither popular nor effective
BUT it was a popular idea as it didn’t promote revolution or a radical republic
when did pius IX come to power
after pope gregory XVI died
1846
pius’s first action
release 2000 political prisoners
appoint liberal cardinal gizzi as his secretary of state
pius’s reforms (3)
1847 - ended church censorship (allowed for a relatively free press)
1847 - creation of an armed civic guard to protect property
1847 - consulta set up to advise papacy. limited powers but was a step.
metternich worried about pius’s liberal stance
in 1847 an austrian army occupied ferrara (allowed from Vienna treaty)
pius responded by lodging a formal protest with the austrian government and asked the Lord to bless italia
pius however..
didn’t sympathise with the nationalist cause.
at the consulta, which met nov 1847, he reminded the delegates that the only power which should be recognised is papal sovereignty
