3 - Causes of 2nd Italian War of Independence Flashcards
what was a turning point in the cause of italian unity
formation of national society 1857
what was the national society
moderate liberal organisation
to promote the cause of national unity and accept piedmont as leader
what methods did the national societies use
single issue nationalist campaigns (e.g. protesting swiss mercenary soldiers in naples)
flyers/posters/pamphlets/meetings/newspaper
national society pamphlets
published in batches of 3000
who founded national society
group of exiles living in piedmont, including La Farina, Pallavicino and Manin
national society newspaper
Il Piccolo Corriere d’Italia
national society vs mazzini
tactics contrasted as mazzini promoted violence
national society membership
open in piedmont
more secretive in lombardy/other states due to foreign influence
cavour’s support for nationalism in 1850s
limited to north only
only centred around removing austria
cavour linked nationalism to political stability
cavours views about nationalism/political stability..
appealed to the educated middle class
what did the national society give cavour
a conservative and pragmatic template for nationalism
Louis Napoleon aged 22
taken part in the 1831 uprisings
what was louis napoleon grateful to piedmont for?
piedmont’s help at crimea
after the congress of paris (1856) cavour’s assistant niagra kept up a written relationship
what did napoleon iii see as his duty
to ensure french expansion and reduce austrian power in this area of europe
(saw possibility of expanding into nice and savoy)
HOWEVER he was wary of catholic opinion in france
catholic opinion in france
louis napoleon didn’t want to oppose this
in 1849 he sent troops to rome to restore papacy which was popular with the catholics
this prevented full unification until 1871
when was the orsini affair
january 1858
who took part in the orsini affair
4 italians led by count felice osini
what did the orisini affair attempt to do
assassinate louis napoleon arriving at the opera with his wife, empress eugenie
bombs - orsini affair
they had three bombs made in london and then they travelled with them by train to paris
failed to harm target but killed 7 onlookers and injured 150
orsini affair trial
orsini appealed to napoleon to support the cause of italian unity
part of the reason for action when he met with cavour in july 1858 at plombieres
date of plombieres
20 july 1858
what did plombieres show
that france and piedmont had different motives
cavour wanted northern independence but louis napoleon wanted territory
plombieres was a ___
secret meeting
plombieres would only be started if
austria was seen as the aggressor and piedmont the victim
plombieres territory agreements
- kingdom of upper italy under piedmont
- kingdom of central italy controlled by tuscany
- rome to stay papal (LN wanted catholic support)
- naples to stay under bourbon family
- nice and savoy to france
nice and savoy in return for..
200,000 french troops
what was an extra part of plombieres
marriage arranged
between LN’s nephew Prince Jerome and VE II’s daughter Princess Clotilde
which part of plombieres took the longest for cavour to agree to
nice
took until january 1859
as it was majority italian speaking
why did cavour agree so quickly that the french could have savoy
mainly french speaking
wanted the french troops (200,000)
plombieres was a major diplomatic achievement for cavour but..
was not nationalist as this only talked about northern unification
cavour promised to match french soldiers
with 100,000
but the National Society only recruited 20,000 (untrained volunteers)
and the Piedmontese army was 60,000
little popular enthusiasm for a war with austria
- when insurrection began in modena it failed to get support
- prussia made it clear its alliance was with austria
- britain was sympathetic for the italian cause but didn’t want france to replace austrian power
what happened in march 1859
piedmont mobilised
what happened after piedmont mobilised
april 1859 - austria mobilised.
costly - so the foreign minister demanded 3 days to demobilise on 23rd april
who was the austrian foreign minister who demanded demobilisation
Count Buol
what did austria do on 29th april
declare war
they invaded under General Franz Gyulai
they were delayed by poor weather which allowed the french to move troops in by rail
unrest across the peninsula after austria invaded
manipulated by national society
Florence, Bologna, Duchies
unrest after invasion - florence
april 1859
popular demonstration against GDL led to provisional government by ricasoli
ricasoli was a moderate who demanded union with piedmont
unrest after invasion - bologna
june 1859
provisional government
france thought that piedmont was going beyond plombieres
unrest after invasion - tuscany/modena/parma
may 1859
national society engineered peaceful revolutions
set up provisonal governments and were ruled as piedmontese colonies
unrest after invasion - why was it not necessarily successful
- france thought they were going beyond plombieres by intervening in PS
- only in the short term as the success relied on battlefield wins
