3: Fatty Acid oxidation

Question 1

1. Describe types, nomenclature and naturally occurring fatty acids

What is the generic structure of a fatty acid?
Basic formula?
define short, medium, long, and very long chains
what size are very long chains?
Increased chain length correlates with what properties?
length of most dietary?
unsaturated vs saturated?
what 2 forms are Fatty acids found in?
where do you start naming?
do we make odd number fatty acids?
what is stearic acid- how many carbons? Oleic? Linoleic?

Answer 1

*sweet 16 and 18 party
remember that 6-12 excludes 7 and odd

Question 2

Describe the major sources of fatty acids for oxidationand identify the pathways for fatty acid oxidation:

1. how is digestion of lipids different than other foods?
2. how is lipids transported in fed, fasted, and posprandial states?

Question 3

Where does beta oxidation occur?
for which chains?
where does alpha oxidation occur? what is it for?
where does omega oxidation occur? what is it for?

Question 4

outline the steps of beta oxidation and the things required for each step.

1. why is acetyl co A not used in TCA cycle?
2. during fasting the liver converts acetylcoa to what?
3. then peripheral tissues convert it to what?

what is the fate of acetylco in fed?
fasting?

Question 5

how are fatty acids activated before oxidation?
where is the enzyme responsible?
what does enzyme require?
specicity of enzyme?

what is carnitine made from?
where do you get this precursor?

what 3 enzymes are used in the shuttle?

Question 6

control of fatty acid oxidation is exerted where?
what is carnitine palmitoyl transferase I inhibited by?

how do you make that molecule?
what organs is it made in?

explain the regulation with AMP kinase?
what thing stimulate or inhibit it?

Question 7

regulation step for beta oxidation f
formula for ATP generated
what does insulin regulate?
what do high energy levles regulate?

Question 8

7. Understand how odd chain fatty acids can lead to some glucose formation although the oxidation of most dietary fatty acids cannot

how are odd chain fatty acids oxidized?
what are the products?
how many carbons?
how do you make glucose?
steps?
cofactors?

Question 9

5. Summarize the one-round of fatty acid beta-oxidation

and outline the energetic balance and fate of redox cofactors

-what enzymes work after the FA is transported into the mitochondria?
-where is this enzyme located?
-what abotu for VLCFA?
-what are the 4 enzymatic steps ?
-types of enzymes used?
-what redox cofactors are made in each step?
-each round yields what?
finalproduct?

Question 10

8. Describe characteristics of oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
   -how is this different than medium and short and long?
   what are products of persoxisomal beta oxidation?

Question 11

x-linked adrenoleukodystorphy?

Question 12

9. Discuss the minor pathways for oxidation of fatty acids and their physiologic role

refsum disease? what accumulates?
product of omega oxidation?
where does omega oxidation occur?
what hapens in medium chain acyl coa dehydrogenase deficiency?

Question 13

how many carbons in ketone body?
during fasting, what carb is depleted in teh liver?
during fastin,g, TCA remains active in which organs?
do ketone bodies cross the placenta?
which is the major keton in blood?
how is it produced?
steps of breakdown/use of ketone bodies?

Question 14

what is a ketogenic diet
why is it used?
which fatty acid chains are more ketogenic?

Question 15

decribe MCAD
treatment?
describe systemic carnitine deficiency?
s/s?