3 Botanical & Anatomical Basis of Plants

Question 1

Genome =

Answer 1

Set of chromosomes (genes and other DNA) within the gametes of a species

Question 2

True or false: In plants, most DNA is in nucleus in linear chromosomes
and some DNA also occurs in the chloroplasts & mitochondria

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Name the two types of cells in a sexually reproducing plant

Answer 3

Somatic cells and gametes cells

Question 4

Like humans, plants undergo biparental inheritance , which is:

Answer 4

Half of nuclear DNA from father (pollen grain) & half from mother (egg)

Question 5

Mitosis occurs only in ____ cells, where daughter cells contains same # of chromosomes as mother cell

Undifferentiated cells used to introduce foreign DNA
Can be disrupted using a chemical____ that interferes with spindle fiber formation
Method used to change number of chromosomes

Answer 5

• somatic

* colchicine

Question 6

Why cytokinesis cannot proceed in plants?

Answer 6

Because plant cells have walls. Instead, during telophase, a cell plate forms across the cell in the location of the old metaphase plate

Question 7

______ allows genetic exchange between non-sister chromatids and occurs only in ____

Answer 7

Crossing over

Meiosis

Question 8

Examples of natural autoploids (duplications of the same exact genome):

Examples of natural alloploids (combination of different genomes):

Answer 8

*Banana (triploid) = Seedless
Tetraploid crops, such as alfalfa, peanut, potato & coffee
Horticulture polyploid varieties selected for larger flowers

*wheat, oat, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, strawberry & blueberry

Question 9

Effects of polyploidy

Answer 9

Increased cell size
Increased organ size
Slower growth rates
Flower later and over a longer period of time
Altered chemical composition

• Vitamin A content is tetraploid corn is 40% greater than in diploid corn
• Vitamin C known to increase in vegetables and fruit after chromosome doubling

Autopolyploids generally have fertility problems and reduced pollen production

Question 10

Basic plant anatomy

Answer 10

Root & shoot system (dibujos en la slide 15)

Question 11

True or false:

unisexuals have both male and female sexual organs and are thus capable of self-fertilization
hermaphrodites have only one type of reproductive organ and must cross-fertilize

Answer 11

False

Hermaphrodites have both male and female sexual organs and are thus capable of self-fertilization
Unisexuals have only one type of reproductive organ and must cross-fertilize

Question 12

True or false
Autogamous cross = pollen comes from same flower
Allogamous cross = pollen comes from different flower

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is self-incompatibility?

Answer 13

occurs when some species reject pollen from their own flowers, promoting out-crossing

Question 14

Asexual species reproduce by:

Answer 14

*Vegetative reproduction (no seed is produced)
New parts grown from the same plant (genetically identical)
*Agamospermy (seed is produced from unfertilized ovules) , Offspring are genetically identical to parent

Question 15

Asexual reproduction produces plants with genetic variation true or false

Answer 15

False

Question 16

Methods such as ______are used for propagating tree crops

Answer 16

grafting and budding

Question 17

What is apomixis?

Answer 17

Developing seeds without fertilization, asexual production of seed with no opportunity for genetic recombination
Rare event in nature: that is used to maintain original genetic properties indefinitely and reduces cost of maintenance (no need to maintain parental genotypes)

Beneficial when uniformity of product is desired

Question 18

Basic 2 growth phases :

Answer 18

Vegetative: Non-sexual parts are formed
Stem, branches, leaves, etc…
Reproductive: Flowers are produced

Question 19

What is alteration of generations?

Answer 19

Plants that undergo throug Gametophyte generation
(Begins with haploid spore produced by meiosis
Cells produced from this gametophyte by mitosis are haploid)
and Sporophyte generation
(Starts once the sexual reproductive process unites gametes to form a zygote)

Question 20

True or false

Perennials are plants with the ability to repeat their life cycle without dying

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Stamen = ___ reproductive parts
Stalk (___) is attached to pollen-containing chambers that are fused together (___)
Stamens are collectively called the ____

Answer 21

Male
filament
anther
androecium

Question 22

Pistil = ____reproductive parts (center)
Stigma accepts the pollen
___ is the tube leading to the ovary
Stigma, style and ovaries together are called ___and one or more carpels make up the ___

Answer 22

Female
style
carpels
gynoecium

Question 23

\_\_\_ = Leaf-like structures that enclose the flower before its ready for fertilization
\_\_\_= Showiest/colorful part of the flower, to attract pollinators

Answer 23

sepal

petals

Question 24

Process of forming gametes, produced from specialized diploid cells:

Microspore mother cells, located in ____
pollen grains produced , 2 nuclei each
Megaspore mother cells, located in _____
(8 nuclei) one of which eventually will become the egg

Answer 24

Gametogenesis

• anthers
• ovaries

Question 25

When do pollination occurs?

Answer 25

Pollination occurs when pollen grains from anther are transferred to the stigma of the flower

Question 26

Flowering plants are grouped into two mating systems:

Answer 26

*Self-pollinated
Accept pollen primarily from anthers of same flower (autogamy)
Flowers must be bisexual

*Cross-pollinated
Accept pollen from different sources
Usually occurs to varying degrees (from lack of cross-pollination to complete cross-pollination)