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602 HSF > 3. Body Communication and Homeostasis > Flashcards

3. Body Communication and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

_ is the study of processes and functions in living organisms

A

Physiology

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2
Q

What is the maintenance of steady states in the body by coordinated physiological mechanisms?

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

T/F Equilibrium and steady state are the same thing?

A

False

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4
Q

_ is the a condition in which opposing forces in adjacent compartments are balanced

A

Equilibrium

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5
Q

_ is a condition that doesn’t normally change with time and can apply to 1 or many compartments

A

Steady state

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6
Q

ATP may be required to maintain _

A

steady states

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7
Q

T/F a steady state indicates an equilibrium condition

A

False

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8
Q

What are the 4 regulatory mechanisms?

A

End-product inhibition
Negative feedback control
Feed forward control
Positive feedback

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9
Q

End-product inhibition involves _ reactions

A

enzymatic reactions

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10
Q

When there is too much G6P in muscle and adipose tissue, it blocks Hexokinase by _

A

end-product inhibition

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11
Q

_ involves non-enzymatic processes

A

Negative feedback

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12
Q

Insulin/glucagon, body temperature, and BP are types of _ control

A

Negative feedback

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13
Q

Open loop in which the regulated variable is not sensed by a sensor (acts on the effector)

A

Feed forward control

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14
Q

Type of feedback where a variable is changed and sensed, and action is taken to reinforce the change in the variable is _

A

positive feedback

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15
Q

Ferguson reflex is a type of _ feedback

A

positive

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16
Q

T/F Positive feedback systems are very common

A

False (they are rare, because hard to control and stop)

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17
Q

Gap junctions allows the spread of electrical currents that occur much _ than through channels

A

faster

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18
Q

_ allow small chemicals to pass through them

A

Gap junctions

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19
Q

T/F Gap junctions can not communicate with cells in different organs

A

True

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20
Q

Gap junctions communicate with _

A

neighboring cells

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21
Q

A paracrine response of histamine release by mast cells following soft tissue damage is a type of _ control

A

positive feedback (recruits more lymphocytes and Ab)

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22
Q

TMJ paracrine effects are a type of _ control in which TMJ fibroblasts release more NGF that travels down the neuron to release more neurotransmitter and CGRP which then comes back to act on more fibroblasts

A

positive feedback

23
Q

T/F chemical messengers can be sent by more than 1 mechanism

A

True

24
Q

_ have specific receptors genetically programmed for a specific cell ligand

A

Target tissues

25
Q

T/F cytoplasmic receptors are also known as nuclear receptors

A

True (involved in intracellular communication)

26
Q

Steroid hormones, vitamin A, and vitamin D are _ molecules that can cross the cell membrane

A

lipophilic

27
Q

In _ receptors, the ligand is too large, has charge, or is not lipid-soluble

A

plasma membrane

28
Q

Norepinephrine/epinephrine activate g-_ proteins to _ AC

A

stimulatory, activate

29
Q

Acetylcholine activates g-_ proteins to _ AC

A

inhibitory, inhibit

30
Q

_ is a substance besides the ligand that can activate the same receptor

A

Agonist

31
Q

_ regulation increases receptor numbers when there is less than the normal hormone concentration

A

Up

32
Q

_ regulation removes receptors when there is more than the normal hormone concentration

A

Down

33
Q

T/F Second messengers work to amplify the signal

A

True

(allows conservation of energy and resources)

34
Q

T/F Amplification of signal is usually observed with nuclear receptors

A

False (NRs provoke responses which need to be tightly regulated)

35
Q

GABA, ACTH, Opioid are 2nd messengers that are indirect ion channel openers or _

A

metabotropic

36
Q

Ach in muscle are 2nd messengers that are direct ion channel openers or _

A

ionotropic

37
Q

Glycogen breakdown in the liver utilizes the conversion of ATP to _, which goes on to activate PKA

A

cAMP

38
Q

G-protein activates _ to cut PIP2 into 2nd messengers _ and _

A

PLC, IP3, DAG

39
Q

Arachidonic acid utilizes _ and _ to produce PGH2 which then goes on to produce _, _, and _

A

COX1, COX2

Prostacyclin, prostaglandins, thromboxane A2

40
Q

Some anti-inflammatory drugs act on COX 1 and 2 such as _, _, _, and _ to prevent their formation

A

Aspirin, ibuprofen, celebrex, vioxx

41
Q

Vascular endothelial cells produce _ which promotes _ of blood vessels

A

Prostacyclin, vasodilation

42
Q

Platelets produce _ which promotes _ of blood vessels

A

Thromboxane A2, vasoconstriction

43
Q

T/F P and TA2 prevent excessive clotting while limiting blood flow

A

False (increasing blood flow)

44
Q

Aspirin inhibits COX formation, but in a few hours _ can again produce _ for prostacyclin production

A

Endothelial cells, COX

45
Q

In platelets, COX is _ and new platelets must be formed before _ can be synthesized

A

Irreversibly inhibited, Thromboxane A2

46
Q 
12-HETE
15-HETE
Lipoxins
5-HETE
These are examples of _ that are formed from _ using _
A

leukotrienes, arachidonic acid, lipoxygenases

47
Q

Boswelia plant extract is a _

A

LO inhibitor

48
Q

_ are mediators of allergic and inflammatory reactions

A

Leukotrienes

49
Q

Leukotrienes secreted by mast cells act (paracrine) to _

A

Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to the inflammation site

50
Q

Some cells undergo _ to remove specific cells before they become cancerous or destructive

A

apoptosis

51
Q

T/F Apoptosis provide cells at the peak of their performance

A

True

52
Q

Necrosis results in _ while apoptosis does not

A

inflammation

53
Q

Cells undergoing apoptosis utilize _ which are intracellular protein cutting enzymes

A

caspases

54
Q

Alzheimer’s and AIDS have altered _ component

A

apoptosis

602 HSF (19 decks)

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