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Psychology 306 Exam 3 > 3/9 Pg 504-536 > Flashcards

3/9 Pg 504-536 Flashcards

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1
Q

Seven components of parenting

A

Nurturance, discipline, teaching, language, materials, monitoring, Manage

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2
Q

Nurturance

A

warmth and responding to their needs and changing emotions

*Without->maybe either disengaged or inappropriately intrusive

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3
Q

Discipline

A

explain the reason for punishment

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4
Q

Teaching

A

child ideally involves questioning a child carefully to find out where she is coming from cognitively

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5
Q

Language

A

adjusted to suit his age and situations; questions, expansions of child’s utterances and rich narrative structure

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6
Q

Materials

A

foster creative play, enable a child to imagine, explore and interact more fruitfully with others

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7
Q

Monitoring

A

being aware of a child’s activities throughout the day

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8
Q

Manage

A

parents manage their children’s time -> give child’s life structure and regularity

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9
Q

Parenting styles

A

ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate

  • > warmth and responsiveness
  • > demands or control
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10
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Control and warmth

*Authoraitative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful/uninvolved

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11
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

low in warmth, high in control

  • order their children around, expect compliance with no questioning or discussion
  • tend to use punishment and coericon
  • believed they were enforcing behavioral standards based on fundamentalist religious doctrines
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12
Q

Children of authoritarian parents

A

*more dependent, lack social competence in dealing with peers; relatively withdrawn and passive; compliant to authority figures; low self-esteem, more depressed
*Boys: more hostility
Girls: lower goals for achievement
*Little opportunities for independence, self-esteem, initiative

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13
Q

Permissive parents

A

high in warmth, low in control

  • Few demands, highly tolerant of their children’s behaviors and desires; very sensitive to children’s emotions
  • Same behavior is punished on one occasion and tolerated on the next
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14
Q

Children of permissive parents

A

More immature, have trouble controlling their impulses/setting limits on themselves; less likely to accept responsibility for their own actions; act less independently problem behaviors, high self-esteem, low rates of depression, better social skills

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15
Q

Authoritative parents

A
  • high in both warmth and control
  • “high control” is more balanced and less rigid and overbearing than that of authoritarian parents
  • set guidelines, flexible, will listen to children’s concerns and needs
  • positive feedback and rewards
  • consistent discipline, explains reasons for punishment, requesting child make amends for transgression
  • Sensitive to children’s mental states
  • Encourage children’s autonomy while upholding guidelines for appropriate behavior
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16
Q

Children of authoritative parents

A
  • relatively independent and self-reliant, good self-control
  • Boys: socially responsible
  • Girls: more independent
  • Having internalized standards of self-restraint and achievement
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17
Q

Psychological control

A

attempting to regulate child’s behavior by manipulating his feelings

  • More typical of authoritarian parents
  • More depressive and anxious symptoms
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18
Q

Behavioral control

A

regulate child’s behavior by setting guidelines that follow the norms and values of family

  • more common among authoritative parents
  • fewer negative outcomes
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19
Q

Neglectful/uninvolved parents

A

ignore and not care about their children; do not interact

  • a form of nonparenting
  • oblivious to the child’s hopes, desires, and fears
  • uninterested in monitoring child’s behaviors
20
Q

Children of neglectful/uninvolved parents

A

Especially susceptible to peer pressure; engage more often in behaviors that don’t conform to adult norms
*Girls: more likely to become involved in peer groups whose norms are clearly different from those of dominant adult culture

21
Q

Ecological systems approach

A

Urie Bronfenbrenner

  • contextual factors-> children development
  • family, school, culture
  • consider child’s role in each of these “social ecosystem” and how that role interacts with other participants in the systems
22
Q

Child effects

A

child’s traits/behavior -> parents acting

  • 125 US 3 years old and 100 Korean 3 years old
  • Misbehave, less cooperative children with authoritarian parents->more control and negative coercions
  • Difficult temperament children -> high levels of physical mistreatment and neglect by parents
  • Parent’s perceptions -> children on purpose or not
23
Q

“Biopsychosocial” approaches

A

Biological disposition, psychological tendencies, sociocultural contexts -> increase or decrease children’s risk of some adverse outcomes

24
Q

Gender schemas

A

cognitive systems for interpreting gender-related activities and roles
*Gender bias in adults seem to be more tolerated by children than other forms of biases because there are less negative feedback when parents show gender bias

25
Q

Biological determined bias

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

  • Higher than normal levels of masculinizing hormones
  • Girls with higher preferences for playing with gender-typical toys; higher preferences as teenagers for future occupations involving “thing” than involving “people”
  • Testosterone level in mother’s blood during pregnancy
  • Older siblings influence gender role qualities of young siblings
  • Older sibilings were more influenced by parents
26
Q

Resource theory

A

the more children in the family, the less attention parents can devote to each children

27
Q

Confluence theory

A

families get larger, their average overall intellectual climate drops

28
Q

Frank Sulloway

A

Birth order -> personality trait related to rebelliousness, respect for authority, conscientiousness

  • First born: defend status quo, reject radical change
  • Later born: question and overturn traditions and norms
  • 700 brothers played professional baseball, younger brothers 10 times likely to attempt steal bases
29
Q

Sibling differentiation

A

children’s process of seeking out activities that resonate with their abilities and also reduce their competition with older siblings
*Siblings tend to get along better as they see themselves as occupying different roles in family

30
Q

Interactionalist Approach to birth order effects

A

High socioeconomic with more social capital and best opportunity of children which increase gaps between affluent and poor

  • Sibling spacing, birth order, sex, family size, socioeconomic, culture
  • South Korean invest in education for sons
31
Q

Sibling jealousy

A

Younger: reactive temperament with more jealousy
Older: more jealousy if they have poor emotional understanding
*Sibling conflicts: problem with peer, poor school performance, general hostility increases
*Parent’s training: conflict resolution and prosocial behavior

32
Q

“First child as first draft” effect

A

Parent’s expectations from first born affect interactions with later born

33
Q

Nuclear families

A

consist of mother and father as heads of household, along with their children
*Responsibility for child-care arrangements more often falls to the parents

34
Q

Extended families

A

reach across generations and sometimes incorporate aunts, uncles, and cousins

  • Provide extremely important support to parents
  • May encounter more disruptive transitions as grandparents age and family structure changes
35
Q

Working parents

A

Small or nonexist differences

*Nonstandard work hours with limited child-care-> delays in cognitive development

36
Q

Single-Parent Families

A
  • More common in lower socioeconomic, minority group, usually single mothers
  • If that parent is also poor and lacks social support
  • child born into poverty or disadvantaged minority group -> 7 times likely to group up with single parent
37
Q

Same-sex parents

A
  • Increase social acceptance of same-sex couples and marriage
  • No negative outcomes in cognitive, social and behavioral development
  • No differences in sexual preferences, gender identities, gender role behaviors
38
Q

Divorce

A
  • Increase among those with fewer years of education, earlier age of marriage, less experienced at dealing conflicts
  • Across race, ethnicity and countries’ laws
  • Living with parent of same sex is better
  • Children more likely to experience divorce as well
  • Parent-child relationship suffer
  • Explicit conflict between parents is problematic
39
Q

Internalizing problems

A

Girls within individual

40
Q

Externalizing problems

A

Boys acting out in antisocial ways and disruptive behavior

41
Q

Children of divorce

A
  • Children: school performances, delinquency, depression, aggression, and health problems, behavior problems
  • Among younger: boys->behavioral problems especially with single mother, arrive sooner; girls-> later in adolescence, deliquent from school or excessively sexually promiscuous
42
Q

5 categories of potential effects of divorce

A

changes in self-esteem, social competence (positive assertiveness, social responsibility), academic achievement, psychopathology, and substance abuse

43
Q

Biological or genetic disposition

A

Children who were biologically related to divorced parents-> more negative effects especially self-esteem, social competence, and academic achievement

44
Q

Blended families

A

parents and all children from their current relationship as well as children from prior relationships

  • Children tend to have more conflicts with stepparents and less intimate relationships
  • Differences in relative financial contributions
  • Stressful environment cause shorter height
  • Boys have more benefits with stepfather and girls have more problems
  • Boys and girls have difficult relationships with stepmother due to new dominant parenting figures which children resent
45
Q

Evolutionary biology

A

Stepfather abuse stepdaughters more than 8.5 times more often
*Stepparents treat stepchildren more poorly due to not passing own genes

Psychology 306 Exam 3 (11 decks)

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