3/9 Pg 504-536 Flashcards
Seven components of parenting
Nurturance, discipline, teaching, language, materials, monitoring, Manage
Nurturance
warmth and responding to their needs and changing emotions
*Without->maybe either disengaged or inappropriately intrusive
Discipline
explain the reason for punishment
Teaching
child ideally involves questioning a child carefully to find out where she is coming from cognitively
Language
adjusted to suit his age and situations; questions, expansions of child’s utterances and rich narrative structure
Materials
foster creative play, enable a child to imagine, explore and interact more fruitfully with others
Monitoring
being aware of a child’s activities throughout the day
Manage
parents manage their children’s time -> give child’s life structure and regularity
Parenting styles
ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate
- > warmth and responsiveness
- > demands or control
Diana Baumrind
Control and warmth
*Authoraitative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful/uninvolved
Authoritarian parents
low in warmth, high in control
- order their children around, expect compliance with no questioning or discussion
- tend to use punishment and coericon
- believed they were enforcing behavioral standards based on fundamentalist religious doctrines
Children of authoritarian parents
*more dependent, lack social competence in dealing with peers; relatively withdrawn and passive; compliant to authority figures; low self-esteem, more depressed
*Boys: more hostility
Girls: lower goals for achievement
*Little opportunities for independence, self-esteem, initiative
Permissive parents
high in warmth, low in control
- Few demands, highly tolerant of their children’s behaviors and desires; very sensitive to children’s emotions
- Same behavior is punished on one occasion and tolerated on the next
Children of permissive parents
More immature, have trouble controlling their impulses/setting limits on themselves; less likely to accept responsibility for their own actions; act less independently problem behaviors, high self-esteem, low rates of depression, better social skills
Authoritative parents
- high in both warmth and control
- “high control” is more balanced and less rigid and overbearing than that of authoritarian parents
- set guidelines, flexible, will listen to children’s concerns and needs
- positive feedback and rewards
- consistent discipline, explains reasons for punishment, requesting child make amends for transgression
- Sensitive to children’s mental states
- Encourage children’s autonomy while upholding guidelines for appropriate behavior
Children of authoritative parents
- relatively independent and self-reliant, good self-control
- Boys: socially responsible
- Girls: more independent
- Having internalized standards of self-restraint and achievement
Psychological control
attempting to regulate child’s behavior by manipulating his feelings
- More typical of authoritarian parents
- More depressive and anxious symptoms
Behavioral control
regulate child’s behavior by setting guidelines that follow the norms and values of family
- more common among authoritative parents
- fewer negative outcomes
Neglectful/uninvolved parents
ignore and not care about their children; do not interact
- a form of nonparenting
- oblivious to the child’s hopes, desires, and fears
- uninterested in monitoring child’s behaviors
Children of neglectful/uninvolved parents
Especially susceptible to peer pressure; engage more often in behaviors that don’t conform to adult norms
*Girls: more likely to become involved in peer groups whose norms are clearly different from those of dominant adult culture
Ecological systems approach
Urie Bronfenbrenner
- contextual factors-> children development
- family, school, culture
- consider child’s role in each of these “social ecosystem” and how that role interacts with other participants in the systems
Child effects
child’s traits/behavior -> parents acting
- 125 US 3 years old and 100 Korean 3 years old
- Misbehave, less cooperative children with authoritarian parents->more control and negative coercions
- Difficult temperament children -> high levels of physical mistreatment and neglect by parents
- Parent’s perceptions -> children on purpose or not
“Biopsychosocial” approaches
Biological disposition, psychological tendencies, sociocultural contexts -> increase or decrease children’s risk of some adverse outcomes
Gender schemas
cognitive systems for interpreting gender-related activities and roles
*Gender bias in adults seem to be more tolerated by children than other forms of biases because there are less negative feedback when parents show gender bias
Biological determined bias
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- Higher than normal levels of masculinizing hormones
- Girls with higher preferences for playing with gender-typical toys; higher preferences as teenagers for future occupations involving “thing” than involving “people”
- Testosterone level in mother’s blood during pregnancy
- Older siblings influence gender role qualities of young siblings
- Older sibilings were more influenced by parents
Resource theory
the more children in the family, the less attention parents can devote to each children
Confluence theory
families get larger, their average overall intellectual climate drops
Frank Sulloway
Birth order -> personality trait related to rebelliousness, respect for authority, conscientiousness
- First born: defend status quo, reject radical change
- Later born: question and overturn traditions and norms
- 700 brothers played professional baseball, younger brothers 10 times likely to attempt steal bases
Sibling differentiation
children’s process of seeking out activities that resonate with their abilities and also reduce their competition with older siblings
*Siblings tend to get along better as they see themselves as occupying different roles in family
Interactionalist Approach to birth order effects
High socioeconomic with more social capital and best opportunity of children which increase gaps between affluent and poor
- Sibling spacing, birth order, sex, family size, socioeconomic, culture
- South Korean invest in education for sons
Sibling jealousy
Younger: reactive temperament with more jealousy
Older: more jealousy if they have poor emotional understanding
*Sibling conflicts: problem with peer, poor school performance, general hostility increases
*Parent’s training: conflict resolution and prosocial behavior
“First child as first draft” effect
Parent’s expectations from first born affect interactions with later born
Nuclear families
consist of mother and father as heads of household, along with their children
*Responsibility for child-care arrangements more often falls to the parents
Extended families
reach across generations and sometimes incorporate aunts, uncles, and cousins
- Provide extremely important support to parents
- May encounter more disruptive transitions as grandparents age and family structure changes
Working parents
Small or nonexist differences
*Nonstandard work hours with limited child-care-> delays in cognitive development
Single-Parent Families
- More common in lower socioeconomic, minority group, usually single mothers
- If that parent is also poor and lacks social support
- child born into poverty or disadvantaged minority group -> 7 times likely to group up with single parent
Same-sex parents
- Increase social acceptance of same-sex couples and marriage
- No negative outcomes in cognitive, social and behavioral development
- No differences in sexual preferences, gender identities, gender role behaviors
Divorce
- Increase among those with fewer years of education, earlier age of marriage, less experienced at dealing conflicts
- Across race, ethnicity and countries’ laws
- Living with parent of same sex is better
- Children more likely to experience divorce as well
- Parent-child relationship suffer
- Explicit conflict between parents is problematic
Internalizing problems
Girls within individual
Externalizing problems
Boys acting out in antisocial ways and disruptive behavior
Children of divorce
- Children: school performances, delinquency, depression, aggression, and health problems, behavior problems
- Among younger: boys->behavioral problems especially with single mother, arrive sooner; girls-> later in adolescence, deliquent from school or excessively sexually promiscuous
5 categories of potential effects of divorce
changes in self-esteem, social competence (positive assertiveness, social responsibility), academic achievement, psychopathology, and substance abuse
Biological or genetic disposition
Children who were biologically related to divorced parents-> more negative effects especially self-esteem, social competence, and academic achievement
Blended families
parents and all children from their current relationship as well as children from prior relationships
- Children tend to have more conflicts with stepparents and less intimate relationships
- Differences in relative financial contributions
- Stressful environment cause shorter height
- Boys have more benefits with stepfather and girls have more problems
- Boys and girls have difficult relationships with stepmother due to new dominant parenting figures which children resent
Evolutionary biology
Stepfather abuse stepdaughters more than 8.5 times more often
*Stepparents treat stepchildren more poorly due to not passing own genes
