2/23 Pg 228-241

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

transient states that correspond to physiological and cognitive processes associated with distant internal sensations or feelings

• Hormones- oxytocin
• Bodily states
• Neural circuits
• Cognitive processes
• Behavioral processesBodily arousal

Question 2

Emotional Development

Answer 2

Charles Darwin: Own son-> facial expressions-> emotion

• Contextual cues and behaviors
• Social interactions
• Posture and vocalization
• Emotional communications are shaped through development as their expressive skills and heads become more refined

Question 3

Functionalist approach

Answer 3

Emotions arise without conscious effort

• Ways of mobilizing ourselves to take action toward goal
• Internal regulation, regulating and managing social situations
• Communicating with limited physical abilities and restricted mobility

Question 4

Basic emotions

Answer 4

6 months

• Joy, sadness, disgust, surprise, anger, fear
• Human universals
• Fundamental components
• Change with development; general social stimulation; recognition of specific individuals
• Subtle variations: difficult to distinguish emotions in infants
• General negative emotion-> 2 months: sad and anger
• Same situation has different emotions in different infants

Question 5

Fear

Answer 5

6 months; several months after sadness and anger

• respond to unknown
• complicated mental representation of threatening situations

Question 6

Complex emotions

Answer 6

emotions that build on and occur developmentally later than the basic emotions

• From various combinations of basic emotions
• More complex supporting cognition about a situation
• More complex kinds of goals
• Partly socialized and vary across cultures
• 6 basic emotions->full emotional range->different intensities

Question 7

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 7

the emotional experience itself requires some degree of self-awareness

• Age of 1.5/2
• Abide by certain social standards
• Aware of others’ mental states and concerned about what others think of them

Question 8

Amygdala

Answer 8

basic emotions, forming memories of emotional events

• Complex emotions with other brain regions interaction with amygdala
• “Shame culture” for Japan; “guilt culture” for Western

Question 9

Embarrassment

Answer 9

One of the earliest complex emotions, 2 years old

• Not always negative; shameful or too many attentions
• “Overcomplimenting” them on their appearance/abilities
• Mirror refletions

Question 10

Machiavellian emotions

Answer 10

influence others and not simply to reflect an internal state

• Emotional prepared
• No particular feeling in combination with certain cognition

Question 11

Jealous

Answer 11

• Less complex emotion that present early in infancy (6 months)
• No complex understanding of social roles

Question 12

Moral emotions

Answer 12

Intuitive sense of right and wrong

*Guided by emotional likes and dislikes toward social agents

Question 13

Negative bias

Answer 13

Infants show strong tendency to respond more powerfully and consistently to negative emotions than positive

• Larger cost to ignore or misinterpret negative
• Social referencing

Question 14

Emotion contagion

Answer 14

See someone sad, you feel sad too
*Andrew Meltzoff and Keith Moore: social imitation-> few weeks-> facial imitation-> mirror neurons: link action and perception

Question 15

Emotional regulation

Answer 15

Influence emotions we experience, when, how

• Conscious: actively and deliberately suppressing
• Unconscious: automatic actions to reduce intensity
• External or internal factor
• Under 6 months: limited to regulate emotions

Question 16

Situation modification

Answer 16

change situation in which they are immersed and soothing infant
*Modify situation themselves with facial expressions, vocalization or gesture

Question 17

Situation selection

Answer 17

Take actions to enable to approach pleasant/ unpleasant situations

Question 18

Attentional deployment

Answer 18

regulates our emotions, direct our thoughts in a way that makes situation feel less emotionally charged

• Distraction
• Infants-> use attentional deployment actively
• 12 months in strange situation

Question 19

Response modification

Answer 19

managing emotional reaction by directly influencing physiological response

• Late emerging
• Self-soothing: thumb-sucking
• 1 year old: inhibit motor movements associated with either extreme distress or overexcitement
• Suppression of certain emotions -> culture influences

Question 20

Display rules

Answer 20

not to display certain emotions even when they are feeling them strongly

• Appropriate emotional expressions across cultures
• As children grow older: new emotional regulation with cognitive reframing or reappraisal