3/2 Lecture

Question 1

Entity Mindsets

Answer 1

You have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can can’t really do much to change it

Question 2

Incremental Mindsets

Answer 2

No matter who you are, you can significantly change your intelligence level

Question 3

When challenged…

Answer 3

• Incremental theorists are more likely to continue to work on it
• Entity theorists give up faster, because they figure that either they get it or they don’t

Question 4

Goals…

Answer 4

Incremental theorists focus more on learning goals

*Entity theorists are more likely to focus on performance goals

Question 5

Focus…

Answer 5

Incremental theorists care more about the process

*Entity theorists care more about the final product

Question 6

Experimental Evidence of entity and incremental

Answer 6

• Manipulation: give kids feedback that focused on the person (you are smart) or on the process (you worked hard)
• Given entity “You are so smart”: caring more about performance goal, persisted less long, enjoy test less, overall they did worse
• Even the effects of the kind of feedback: Goals, Persistence, Enjoyment, Performance

Question 7

Incremental mindset does the body good

Answer 7

8th graders

• Math grades are better
• “You have to keep trying and trying to improve”
• The brain can get better in remembering things with strategies

Question 8

Gender

Answer 8

You feel yourself, male, female, both, neither

Question 9

Sex

Answer 9

Anatomical male or female; the doctor say so

Question 10

Sexuality/Sexual Orientation

Answer 10

Attracted to male or female, both, or neither

Question 11

Influence of Nature: Biological differences by sex

Answer 11

• Anatomy and physical size (height)
• Physical aggression (get into fight, violence)
• More mixed on cognitive (Spatial reasoning, verbal skill)

Question 12

Influence of Nurture

Answer 12

• Don not underestimate the power of nurture
• Lots of evidence which are hard to measure
• Toys, lego

Question 13

Perceiver Effects-Encourage of gross motor activity

Answer 13

• Put kid and dress them differently as male or female

* People are more likely to treat a kid differently when the kid is either dressed as girl or boy

Question 14

Perceiver Effects: Jack-in-the-box: Angry vs Afraid

Answer 14

• When the baby is dressed as girl, people said the baby is afraid
• When the baby is dressed as boy, people said the baby is mad

Question 15

Perceiver Effects: Parent report of crawling strength

Answer 15

• Dress them in neutral clothing
• No differences in crawling abilities among boys or girls
• People just believe that boy is strong and better in crawling

Question 16

Empathy and Personality Traits

Answer 16

• No differences on the empathy between girls and boys
• Parents report girls are more empathic
• Stereotype on boys are less empathic make them acting less empathic (just guess)

Question 17

Gender stability and constancy

Answer 17

• 3-5 years old: start to understand that gender is constant; identity of boy will be a male
• 4-7 years old: sex isn’t changed by appearance or activity

Question 18

Why study about sexual knowledge in preschool years

Answer 18

• Sexually abused kid have “too much knowledge”
• We need to know what is “normal”
• know what children understand about procreation and sexuality generally for thinks like folk biology

Question 19

What predicts age of first sexual intercourse?

Answer 19

• Earlier puberty
• Lower family income
• Lower parental educational attainment
• Older siblings who are sexually active
• Single-family homes
• Friends’ sexual experience for White kids but not for Black kids
• Having “deviant” friends
• Depression in girls

Question 20

High educational aspirations and better academic performance

Answer 20

• Postpone first intercourse
• Have sex less often
• Time spent in academic activities and other extracurricular is negatively correlated with early intercourse, especially for girls

Question 21

Sexuality and Culture

Answer 21

• Premarital sex-> fertility of partners
• Virginity= highly prizes especially among girls
• Swedish State Commission on Sex Education: will equip them to experience sexual life as a source of happiness and joy in fellowship with other (s)
• US: focuses on dangers of sex and need of females to be protected from predatory males (abstinence-only programs)
• Early 90s, only 1/4 of adults disapprove of premarital sex but still 2/3 say that sex between adolescents is wrong

Question 22

Premarital Sex

Answer 22

• Age of puberty is decreasing and age of marriage is increasing
• Over 10 years between sexual maturity and marriage-> increasing odds of premarital sex

Question 23

Boxer, Herdt, et al

Answer 23

• More likely to have this order: attraction, fantasy, sexual activity
• More of the gay men mostly have same-sex activity before opposite sex activity which is opposite with lesbian girls
• Later shift or happen in rural and Southern areas even minority youth
• 2/3 come out first to a peer; not to sibling or family
• Everyone is more likely to have sex with man before woman

Question 24

Studies of Transgender Children

Answer 24

• Not much
• Focused on clinical questions
• Psychotherapy= match with anatomical gender
• Implicit or explicit gender identity

Question 25

Possible Data and hypothesis

Answer 25

• Maybe transgender children are pretending and really identify as their natal sex (Opposite)
• Maybe transgender children are confused or identify as male and female (0)
• Maybe transgender children identify, even implicitly as gender identity (same as controls, siblings)

Question 26

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 26

• Set of conditions that lead to too much or too little production of sex steroids
• CAH girls often have ambiguous genitalia, not much sign in boys, more male-typical behavior, more aggression, less interest in nurturing/playing with dolls, good spatial and math skills, more interest in male-typical activities and careers, less heterosexual interest
• Boys tend to be shorter as adults than average person