3/2 Lecture Flashcards
Entity Mindsets
You have a certain amount of intelligence, and you can can’t really do much to change it
Incremental Mindsets
No matter who you are, you can significantly change your intelligence level
When challenged…
- Incremental theorists are more likely to continue to work on it
- Entity theorists give up faster, because they figure that either they get it or they don’t
Goals…
Incremental theorists focus more on learning goals
*Entity theorists are more likely to focus on performance goals
Focus…
Incremental theorists care more about the process
*Entity theorists care more about the final product
Experimental Evidence of entity and incremental
- Manipulation: give kids feedback that focused on the person (you are smart) or on the process (you worked hard)
- Given entity “You are so smart”: caring more about performance goal, persisted less long, enjoy test less, overall they did worse
- Even the effects of the kind of feedback: Goals, Persistence, Enjoyment, Performance
Incremental mindset does the body good
8th graders
- Math grades are better
- “You have to keep trying and trying to improve”
- The brain can get better in remembering things with strategies
Gender
You feel yourself, male, female, both, neither
Sex
Anatomical male or female; the doctor say so
Sexuality/Sexual Orientation
Attracted to male or female, both, or neither
Influence of Nature: Biological differences by sex
- Anatomy and physical size (height)
- Physical aggression (get into fight, violence)
- More mixed on cognitive (Spatial reasoning, verbal skill)
Influence of Nurture
- Don not underestimate the power of nurture
- Lots of evidence which are hard to measure
- Toys, lego
Perceiver Effects-Encourage of gross motor activity
- Put kid and dress them differently as male or female
* People are more likely to treat a kid differently when the kid is either dressed as girl or boy
Perceiver Effects: Jack-in-the-box: Angry vs Afraid
- When the baby is dressed as girl, people said the baby is afraid
- When the baby is dressed as boy, people said the baby is mad
Perceiver Effects: Parent report of crawling strength
- Dress them in neutral clothing
- No differences in crawling abilities among boys or girls
- People just believe that boy is strong and better in crawling
Empathy and Personality Traits
- No differences on the empathy between girls and boys
- Parents report girls are more empathic
- Stereotype on boys are less empathic make them acting less empathic (just guess)
Gender stability and constancy
- 3-5 years old: start to understand that gender is constant; identity of boy will be a male
- 4-7 years old: sex isn’t changed by appearance or activity
Why study about sexual knowledge in preschool years
- Sexually abused kid have “too much knowledge”
- We need to know what is “normal”
- know what children understand about procreation and sexuality generally for thinks like folk biology
What predicts age of first sexual intercourse?
- Earlier puberty
- Lower family income
- Lower parental educational attainment
- Older siblings who are sexually active
- Single-family homes
- Friends’ sexual experience for White kids but not for Black kids
- Having “deviant” friends
- Depression in girls
High educational aspirations and better academic performance
- Postpone first intercourse
- Have sex less often
- Time spent in academic activities and other extracurricular is negatively correlated with early intercourse, especially for girls
Sexuality and Culture
- Premarital sex-> fertility of partners
- Virginity= highly prizes especially among girls
- Swedish State Commission on Sex Education: will equip them to experience sexual life as a source of happiness and joy in fellowship with other (s)
- US: focuses on dangers of sex and need of females to be protected from predatory males (abstinence-only programs)
- Early 90s, only 1/4 of adults disapprove of premarital sex but still 2/3 say that sex between adolescents is wrong
Premarital Sex
- Age of puberty is decreasing and age of marriage is increasing
- Over 10 years between sexual maturity and marriage-> increasing odds of premarital sex
Boxer, Herdt, et al
- More likely to have this order: attraction, fantasy, sexual activity
- More of the gay men mostly have same-sex activity before opposite sex activity which is opposite with lesbian girls
- Later shift or happen in rural and Southern areas even minority youth
- 2/3 come out first to a peer; not to sibling or family
- Everyone is more likely to have sex with man before woman
Studies of Transgender Children
- Not much
- Focused on clinical questions
- Psychotherapy= match with anatomical gender
- Implicit or explicit gender identity
Possible Data and hypothesis
- Maybe transgender children are pretending and really identify as their natal sex (Opposite)
- Maybe transgender children are confused or identify as male and female (0)
- Maybe transgender children identify, even implicitly as gender identity (same as controls, siblings)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Set of conditions that lead to too much or too little production of sex steroids
- CAH girls often have ambiguous genitalia, not much sign in boys, more male-typical behavior, more aggression, less interest in nurturing/playing with dolls, good spatial and math skills, more interest in male-typical activities and careers, less heterosexual interest
- Boys tend to be shorter as adults than average person
