2/25 Lecture Flashcards
Fluid intelligence
innate; ability to solve new problems, problem solving, abstract reasoning, pattern solving, not learned or less learned
Crystallized intelligence
Applied knowledge, facts, learned
Alfred Binet
- Invented first IQ test
* Public school: some students do not do well
Raven’s matrices
Adult IQ test
Wechsier intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
- Decomposing general intelligence
- Correlate across different domains
- Standardized
- Average score: 100
- General average IQ of most people: 70-130
- Mentally retarded: 55-70
Cyril Burt
- Famous psychologist in UK
* interested in inheritance of intelligence and racial differences in intelligence
Leo Kamin
- Professor in Princeton
- Study about visual world of the piget
- No role of heredity on intelligence
Race and IQ
- Gene studies: No true that higher African genes with lower IQ
- Children of servicemen: No difference in IQ of White-Germany or Black-Germany IQ
- Black-White testing gap: something other than genes explain the reducing gap
- Social Class: Higher IQ in higher social class
Romanian Orphans
- Outlaw contraception
- Low of children in institution
- Extremely low IQ and Extreme environment in orphanage
- There are genetic and environmental evidences
The Flynn Effect
- People’s IQ score is getting higher as growing older
* The mean is always 100
Explanation of Flynn Effect
- Nutrition
- Smaller Families: families get invest more on each kid
- More and Better Schooling: Earlier and longer schooling
- More stimulation: Romanian Orphans have less things and stimulation
- Greater Familiarity with Testing
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
- Linguistic
- Logical-mathematical
- Musical
- Bodily-kinesthetic
- Spatial
- Interpersonal (EQ)
- Intrapersonal (Self)
- William’’s Syndrome
Criticism of Multiple Intelligences
- They still tend to be coorelated
- Still tappin g?
- Very few Alonzos
- Maybe it’s just skill/practice instead of intelligences
Wisconsin Card Sort Task
- Be able to shift/control
- Color card game
- Blue card go to blue box; red card go to red box
- Once they get it, they change the game
- Some children do not adapt
Billingualism
- People who speak two languages are better on shifting skill
- Not innate since kids are not innately bilingual
Marshmallow task
*Task designed to examine kids to delay gratification
Delay of gratification
- Predictor
- Children who could delay gratification at age 4: were judged as more intelligent and socially competent 10 years later; had higher SAT scores at age 18
- Delay of gratification was better predictor of school performance than IQ
Marshmallow Follow-up
- Environmental circumstances
- Reliable environment: 4 times longer to delay gratification
- Unreliable environment: almost do not delay gratification
- Rational process: to behave in a long term or short term
Longitudinal Studies of Shyness
- 21 months and 31 months
- About 2/3 of the inhibited kids were later born and about 2/3 of the disinhibited, outgoing kids were first-born
- Children making comments
- Inhibited kids take more time to warm up for the filled in spot
- More of the people are shy at 2, are more likely to be shy at 8
New York Longitudinal Study: General Temperament
- Easy: 40% adapt to new experiences, display positive moods, normal eating and sleeping patterns
- Difficult: 10% emotional, irritable, fussy, cry a lot, irregular eating and sleeping patterns
- Slow to Warm Up: 15% low activity level and withdraw from new situations and people, adapt to new experiences, but only after repeated exposure
- Fairly stable across childhood
Interaction between Child Temperament and Parenting Style
- Easy babies= better attachment
- “Squeaky Wheels”: get more parental attention; adaptive
- Depressed moms have more inhibited kids
- Some evidence that adopted kids are influenced by maternal anxiety/depression suggesting it is not just genetic
