3/9 Lecture Flashcards
Authoritative parenting
warm, involved, considers child’s wishes&opinions, set clear standards, in firm, confronts disobedience, high expectations
Authoritarian parenting
little warmth, does not ask for child’s opinions, enforces rules, but doesn’t explain, shows displeasure, punitive discipline, views child as “wild”
Permissive
moderately warm, glorifies free expressions of impulses and desires, does not set or enforce clear rules, ignore bad behavior, yields to coercion
Uninvolved
self-centered, unresponsive, tries to minimize interactions with the child, doesn’t monitor where the child is or whether he/she is safe, may be depressed and needy
Child of Authoritative
- Preschool: energetic and friendly, socially competent
- Childhood: high cognitive & social competence
- Adolescence: high self-esteem & academic competence
Child of Authoritarian
- Preschool: conflicted & irritable; fearful & moody
- Childhood: average cognitive & social competence
- Adolescence: average academic, more conforming
Child of Permissive
Preschool: impulsive & aggressive
- Childhood: low cognitive & social competence
- Adolescence: poor self-control, more drug use
Child of Uninvolved
- Preschool: aggressive, noncompliant, moody
- Childhood: disruptive, poor, classroom performance
- Adolescence: hostile, selfish, rebellious
Sources of variation in parenting styles
- Quality marriage
- Parent personality
- Parent mental health
- Parent’s own experiences as children
- Parent genetics
Child themselves in parenting style
- Parent effects model: parent -> child
- Child effects model: child-> parent
- Transactional model: child parent
Low socioeconomic status
On average:
- Stress obedience and respect for authority
- Be more restrictive and authoritarian
- Reason with their children less frequently
- Show less warmth
Why low socioeconomic status
- Working more our hours, being more strict
- Stress for child care qualities
- Stress for marriage
- Focus on this strategies with less work
- Pushing their kids hard to get them have better outcome
- Kinds of job those SES people have, usually respecting authority; tendency to believe that your kids will have the similar jobs, it is important for your kids to understand how to respect the boss
- Possibly adaptive: want the kids to stay safe
Asian and Asian-American Parents
Chinese parents reported:
- lower warmth and acceptance
- more use of physical coercion
- This kids have more cultural influence believing that’s a form of love so they do well socially and academically
African-American Parents
African-American youth
- Spanking & other power-assertive tactics do not lead to heightened aggression & antisocial conduct
- “No nonsense” and signs of concern leads to good outcomes
Better childcare is associated with…
- Higher levels of compliance
- Better sociability and peer relations
- Better attention regulation
- Lower rates of negative affect and behavior problems
- Enhances children’s language, reading and math skills
- Tend to be attended by middle and upper class kids
Parental vs nonparental care depends on….
- Did parent want to be a caregiver
- Is the parent a good caregiver
- Is the nonparental caregiver a good caregiver
Abercedarian Project
- In North Carolina
- Randomly assigned them into high quality child care from age 0-5 years old
- 18 months: higher scores on mental tests
- Ages 12-15, the intervention group had higher average scores on mental tests including reading and math from primary grades through middle adolescence
Results at 21 years old
- Longer in schooling
- Graduated from college or university
- Have first child after high school at 19 years old compared to 17 years old in control group
- Higher employment
Donor Insemination Families
DI children vs children with 2 bio parents equal in:
- Behavioral problems
- Emotional development
- Scholastic achievement
- Peer relations
Gay & Lesbian Families
Do not support these:
- No more likely to be homosexual
- They are as mature and well-adjusted
- No differences in cognition, emotion, or morality
Parents in Divorce
- Custodial mothers can sometimes become edgy, impatient, and insensitive to child’s needs; coercive parenting
- Noncustodial fathers can be permissive and indulgent
Children in Divorce
- In general, tough on kids at all ages
- In long term, most kids do OK
- Stable 1-parent home>conflict-ridden 2-parent home
Adoption
- Much higher rates of psychological problems
- externalizing and learning disorders (ADHD, Conduct, Substance)
- Suicidal behavior, lower cognitive, poorer school performance
- Depends on country of origin (Korean adoptees in Sweden)
- Searching for birth parents between 1/3 and 2/3 search for parents; often female search; searchers have more adjustment issues
Individualistic cultures
- Encourage influence
- Influence requires immediate action & increases in arousal
- Should value high positive arousal states
Collectivist cultures
- Encourage adjustment
- Adjustment requires suspended action & decreases in arousal
- Should value low positive arousal states
Do cultural differences in ideal affect emerge early in life?
- Saw pictures and heard about a child behaving in an excited manner and child behaving in a calm way
- European American most likely to pick excited activity while Taiwanese children are more likely to pick calm activity
Are differences in ideal affect culturally transmitted?
- Identified top storybooks for kids in the U.S. and Taiwan
- Coded for calm/excited expressions, smile size, and arousal level of activities
- American have more excited expressions, higher level of arousal, and higher smile width than Taiwanese children
Can exposure to storybook content alter ideal affect?
- EA, AA and TC
- Random assignment to a calm or exciting story condition
- Show me your ideal playground
- Which culture group does not matter but which kinds of book that you have read
- Reading excited content-> Prefer excited activities
Self-Concept
EA and Chinese
- Tell us about four personal events
- # of other vs self recollections
- European American (Individualistic) are more likely to talk about themselves while Chinese children (Collectivist) are more likely to talk about themselves and others
Early Social Cognition
1-2 years old
- Middle class, rural Canada: parents go to work, child care
- Traditional small-scale community in rural Peru: stay with mum during days
- Traditional small-scale community in rural India: stay with mum during days
- No differences in imitation, helping, gaze-following, collaboration, and joint attention
