2/23 Lecture Flashcards
Immorality: Bad behavior
- Bad behavior in one domain does not predict bad behavior in another: Cheaters in classroom and cheaters on the playground
- No evidence of increases or decreases across development
Parenting predicts Bad behavior
Physical punishment by parents predicts
- more antisocial behavior
- more aggression
- less internalized sense of morals
- greater likelihood of abusing one’s own child/spouse
Conduct Disorder
- Characterized by aggressive and antisocial behavior
- Subset of children with CD also are characterized as having “callous-unemotional traits”
- Kids with low prosocial traits which is the most concerned with bad behaviors
- Don’t care about other people’s thinking, causing harm to other people
- Hard to recognize fear of other people
Psychopathy
- Approximately 10% of children with CD show CU traits
- CU traits predict adult psychopathy
- Psychopathy afflicts 1% of the adult population
- Successful psychopath: CEO or successful in business (society production)
Psychopaths and Moral/Conventional Distinction
- Done in prison
- Prisoner who are either psychopaths or not psychopaths
- Do not distinguish differences on moral and conventional wrong
- Do not distinguish differences on moral and conventional wrong
- “All of the things are morally wrong”- they all want to get out of prison
Monkeys attachment
- Cloth mother: warmth and comfort
- Wire mother: nourishment
- With the present of cloth mother: explore world
- Physical contact with mom
John Bowlby
- Attachment with nanny
- Early belief of institution of children
- What happen with the kids without parents in hospital for two weeks but only stranger
Mary Ainsworth
The Strange Situation
- Test whether a given child was born in an attachment
- Present of a mum and a stranger
- Present of stranger without mum
Secure Attachment
When mum left, babies are sad. When mum is back, babies are happy and mum comforts.
Insecure-Avoidant
Distressed when mum leaves, and ignore her when mum comes back
Insecure Ambivalent
Sad when mum leaves, and angry with mum but approaches her
Insecure-Disorganized/disoriented
Hard to be one of the category or combination of above; very mad but very easy to calm down
Close contacts: Babies in Israeli community villages- attachment study
Infants who went home with parents at night have secure attachment (60%), the infants who stay over night (20%) without parents
Close contacts: Soft vs hard carriers (13 months attachment study)
- 83% of infants who use soft carriers with secure attachment
- 39% of infants who use hard carrier with secure attachment
Insightful parenting: Secure attachment: specific parenting behaviors
- Be sensitive to baby’s signals
- Adjust to baby’s mood
- Accepting of baby even in difficult times
- Be physically and psychologically available
Insightful parenting: Parents of insecure-avoidant babies
- Don’t respond to baby’s signals
- Not much physical contact
- Angry and irritable when together
Insightful parenting: Parents of insecure-ambivalent
*Unaffectionate and inconsistent
Insightful parenting: Parents of insecure-disorganized/disoriented
- neglect or physical abuse
- depressed mothers
- 82% of abused infants
Infant Temperament Profiles
Jerry Kagan
- “Easy” Temperament: Secure
- “Slow-to-Warm-Up” Temperament: Avoidant
- Difficult” Temperament: Ambivalent
Intervention study for difficult babies
6 months babies in Netherlands
- One group with parent training, and another group without
- 6 months later, 63% with trained parent’s baby has secure attachment (vs 22% of control group without parent training)
- Parent problems loom larger than child problems (Parent characteristics)
Internal Working Models
- Assess attachment security at 12 months
- Then, at 3 years brought kids in for a memory
- Secure attached: remember more about positive events than negative events
- Insecure attached: remember more about negative events than positive events
Susan Johnson
- Habituate with the parent holding the child at first and the parent herself walk up
- Then, either parent walks far away from baby or the parent walk closely with baby when baby cries
- Secure attached: look longer when they saw parent walk away
- Insecure: surprised and look longer when they saw parent come back
Emotions
- Positive or negative
- Physical changes: heart beat
- Physical manifestation of emotions: facial expressions
Relevance of emotions
- Tell other what you feel
- Predict behavior
- Signal for yourself to be adaptive to recognize someone’s emotions
Expressing Emotions: Do babies have feelings
- Videotaped babies in different situations
- Select examples of “peak emotions”
- Asked undergraduates to guess what the baby was feeling
* Naive participants were quite accurate
* Break down every emotions into sets of facial expressions
* Ability to categorize emotions improved with training (Micro-expression)
Joy
- Internal states: reflexive smiling in newborns (sleeping)
* Social smiles by 2 months: only happen when they are awake
Social smiles
- Babies show social smiles “Duchenne smiles” to familiar people
- Babies show social smiles to people instead of other objects
Fear
- Some weariness between 3-7 months
- More apparent fear response after 7 months
- Stranger anxiety
- Separation anxiety
- Nonsocial fears
Understanding others’ emotions
*4-7 months can discriminate among happy, sad, and angry faces
*Habituation trials: Happy Helen, Happy Helen, Happy Helen
Test trials: Happy vs Sad Helen
Finding: Look longer at Sad Helen
Social referencing: Emotional Eavesdropping
- Child sees adult interact with toy
- Another adult expresses anger or not
- Half the time the angry person then leaves the room
- Children imitate action on toys when angry person is absent
Preschoolers and Older children
Preschoolers: can apply labels for others’ emotions and can understand the causes of emotions
Older children: can identify more complex emotions and have more complex scripts for emotions
Abuse children
- Children living in abusive homes
- Nonmaltreated children
* If you live in a home which you always perceive angry faces, it takes less angry faces for you to recognize that person is angry; better telling all emotions especially anger
* Adaptive because it happens often
Neglect children
- Children who had been institutionalized
- Children living in their bio families
* Institutionalized children hard to identify and understand emotions other than anger
* The longer they stay in institution, they more you are lack in emotion identification
* Institutionalized children were similar in what they found easy vs hard emotions
