2e - nutrition Flashcards
what is bile?
It’s produced in the liver, and stored in the bladder. It’s highly alkaline and emulsifies lipids
what is chemical digestion?
the breakdown of large molecules into small molecules via enzymes
what does emulsify mean?
breaking up large droplets of a lipid into smaller droplets in an aqueous solution
what are faeces?
the remaining undigested material after digestion and absorption of food in humans
what is fibre?
plant material that is hard to digest it keeps food in the alimentary canal soft and bulky, aids peristalsis.
what is ingestion?
the taking of food into the alimentary canal
what are minerals?
nutrients that plants and animals need in small amounts
what is physical/mechanical digestion?
the breakdown of large food pieces for example by chewing
what are villus (plural villi)?
finger-like projections of the small intestine wall where absorption of digested food molecules occurs
what are vitamins?
nutrients needed by the body in tiny amounts to stay healthy, e.g. vitamins A, C and D
what is a balanced diet?
A diet that includes all the components needed for health in the right proportions
what are the main components of a healthy human diet?
carbohydrates, protiens, lipids, vitamins and minrals, water and fibre.
what is the alimentary canal?
the tubular part of the digestive system, from mouth to anus, that food passes along.
how is the food moved through the gut?
peristalis
how is starch broken down and what is it broken down into?
starch is broken down into maltose by amylase enzymes.
how is maltose broken down and what into?
maltose is broken down by maltase enzymes into glucose
how is protein broken down and what into?
protein is broken down by proteases enzymes into amino acids
how are lipids broken down and what into?
lipids are broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids.
what happens in the stomach?
acid and protease enzymes break down the food while the stomach churns up the food.
what happens in the pancreas?
the pancreas secretes amylase, lipase and protease enzymes.
what happens in the small intestine?
enzymes from the gall bladder and pancreas are released, to complete digestion. the food is then absorbed by villi
what different foods contain carbohydrates?
- bread
- sugar
- glucose
why does your body need carbohydrates?
because it is the main source of energy
what different foods contain protein?
- milk
- cheese
- meat
why does your body need protein?
for growth and repair
what deficiency disease can a lack of protein cause, and how can you treat it?
kwashiorkor, you can treat it by eating lots of meat, milk and cheese
what different foods contain lipids?
- butter
- avocados
- nuts
why does your body need lipids?
insulation, to help maintain body temp and protect your organs. it is also a store of energy.
what foods contain vitamin A?
- carrots
- fish
- milk
what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin A, and how can you treat it?
night blindness, you can treat it by eating lots of carrots, fish and fruits.
what foods contain vitamin B?
- eggs
- milk
- fish
what deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of vitamin B and how can you treat it?
pellagria and beriberi you can treat tham by eating milk, fish, eggs .
what foods contain vitamin C?
- citrus fruits
- peppers
- broccoli
what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin C and how can you treat it?
scurvy, you can treat this by eating lots of citrus fruits.
what foods contain vitamin D?
- fish
- cereal
- milk
what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of vitamin D and how can you treat it?
rickets, you can treat this by eating milk cereal and fish.
what foods contain iron?
- spinach
- cereal
- steak
what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of iron and how can you treat it?
anaemia, you can treat it by eating spinach, cereals and broccoli
what foods contain calcium?
- milk
- egg-yolk
- fish
what deficiency disease is caused by a lack of calcium, and how can you treat it?
rickets, you can treat it by drinking lots of milk
what foods contain fibre?
- wheat
- veg
- bran
why does your body need fibre?
fibre helps food pass through the digestive system, and prevents constipation
what is malnutrition?
malnutrition is a lack of proper nutrition
what is iron needed for?
it is needed for the haemoglobin in red blood cells.
what was an issue with the energy in foods experiment, and how can you solve it?
incomplete combustion, you could solve this by burning it in pure oxygen.
what calculation helps you calculate the energy in food correctly?
mass of water (g) x temp change of water (oC) x 4.2
