2A - Sport Psychology Flashcards
Define a ‘skill’
A skill is an action that can be learnt. Once learnt, a skill is performed efficiently and consistently with a similar outcome every time.
Define ‘ability’
Something you inherit/you are born with and is a relatively stable trait. This means it does not change much during a persons life.
What are the 4 classifications of skills?
- Basic/complex
- Open/closed
- Self-paced/Externally paced
- Gross/Fine movement
What is the difference between a basic and complex skill?
Basic:
- Simple activities, require less co-ordination and concentration, takes less time to learn. (catching/throwing)
Complex:
- Requires greater co-ordination and concentration.
- Performed by more experienced athletes. (Pole vault in gymnastics)
What is the difference between a Open and Closed skill?
Open:
- Environment is always changing (football open play)
Closed:
- Environment does not change, skill is performed in the same way (darts)
What is the difference between a Self-paced and Externally-paced skill?
Self-paced:
- The performer initiates the skill (decides when to start), controlling speed, rate or pace of skill. (Controlled table tennis serve)
Externally-paced:
- Skill is started by an external factor, speed, pace, time of skill execution decided by opponent. (Badminton general play)
What is the difference between a Gross and fine movement skill?
Gross:
- Involves large muscle groups that combine to perform big, strong, powerful movements. (Triple jump phases)
Fine:
- Small precise movements requiring high level of accuracy and co-ordination.
- Use of smaller muscles. (Spin bowler)
What are Physiological factors? Examples?
Factors that affect the body.
- Training, injury, illness, fatigue, diet, use of drugs.
What are Psychological factors? Examples?
Factors that affect the mind.
- Anxiety, tension, motivation, aggression, tedium, arousal, personality.
Why is it important for athletes/coaches to set goals?
- Gives athletes something to strive towards (motivation)
- Helps to focus athlete in training otherwise it would be unfocused and ineffective.
What are performance goals? Can you give examples?
Personal standards to be achieved, compare yourself to past achievements and future aspirations but not to other performers. E.g. Running pb time 100m/scoring 20 goals in football season.
What are outcome goals? Can you give examples?
Focus on the end result of competition, on winning or placing at the end of event/season. E.g. Winning gold medal in 100m/Top scorer of prem.
What are SMART targets?
Specific - To demands of sport, energy systems/muscles used or skills to be developed.
Measurable - Must be able to measure target progress so it needs to be precise and not vague.
Accepted - By both athlete and coach, working towards common goal.
Realistic - Must be possible to complete so it doesn’t harm motivation if unrealistic.
Time-Bound - Covers a set period of time so performer knows when they should achieve it and can focus and effort in training at right time.
Definition of motivation?
The drive or desire to succeed or achieve something. Can be split into two types: Intrinsic and Extrinsic.
What is Intrinsic motivation?
Drive that comes from within. For example:
- Enjoyment
- Becoming better/ Personal bests
What is Extrinsic motivation?
The drive to perform well or win for external rewards. E.g: To win medals, money or fame.
Define ‘arousal’
A physical and mental state of alertness and readiness to perform. Varying from sleepy, lethargic levels to intense excitement or alertness.
What is the ‘Inverted-U Theory’?
The optimal level of arousal is when you are in your best physical and mental state; therefore you have an increased likelihood to perform at your best ability.
When is a higher and low arousal level needed?
Higher - Gross movements need higher levels of alertness for larger movements.
Lower - Fine movements need lower levels to remain calm and retain concentration
What are the stress management techniques for arousal?
- Deep breathing - Slow deep breaths to help breathing return to normal to reduce nerves and decrease in arousal.
- Positive Self-Talk - a cognitive technique that helps re-frame thoughts - turning negatives into positives.
- Mental Rehearsal/Imagery/visualisation - Performer sees themselves perform a skill or an outcome that is successful. Another cognitive technique.
What is a cognitive technique?
Change a way a person thinks to change the way they behave.
What are the two personality types? What suited sports?
Introverts - Quiter, shy, passive, risk assessors, suited to sports with high levels of concentration and precision, individual sports and lower arousal levels. E.g. Golf, Archery
Extroverts- More sociable, outgoing, talkative, active with high levels of enthusiasm. Suited to: Team sports -fast paced, gross movements. E.g. Football/Rugby.
What are the two types of aggression?
Direct aggression - Aimed at other players or opponent, uses physical contact to directly or deliberately hurt opponent. E.g. Punch in boxing.
Indirect aggression - No physical harm, only ‘mental’ harm, intimidating opponent and decrease their confidence, taken out on object to gain advantage. E.g. All blacks hacker/spike in volleyball.
Define ‘Guidance’
A method of conveying information to a performer, can be visual verbal, manual or mechanical.
Define ‘Feedback’
The information a performer receives about their performance. Can be given during and/or after performance.
What is visual guidance? Advantages/Disadvantages?
Presented in a form that performer can see e.g. a live demonstration, a video, film or a poster. Ad:
Useful for all levels of performers (esp young/inexperienced)
Disad: Performer must pay attention/image must be of good quality.
What is Verbal guidance? Advantages/Disadvantages?
When a coach describes how to perform a skill. Ad: Useful for all levels of performer (esp young/inexperienced)
Disad: Can be boring, complex to explain.
What is manual guidance? Advantages/Disadvantages?
Involves a coach physically moving a performer into the correct position. Ad: Good for beginners
Disad: May not feel they are performing skill themselves.
What is mechanical guidance? Advantages/Disadvantages?
Object or aids are used to assist coaching process.
Ad: Good for dangerous sports, building confidence.
Disad: Expensive, performer may rely on aid.
What is information processing?
the process by which a sports performer goes through when they make and act on decisions. 4 steps to model: Input, Decision making, Output, Feedback.
What is the 1st stage of the information processing model?
- Input - Received from senses (Touch, sight, sound, intuition). Performer then uses selective attention - selects relevant information from what’s been received.
What is the 2nd stage of the information processing model?
- Decision making - Performer makes appropriate choice or response from their memory (Short - retained for 30 secs - or long term - from months/years).
What is the 3rd stage of the information processing model?
- Output - Information already processed, sent to muscles in order to carry out the selected and desired response.
What is the 4th stage of the information processing model?
- Feedback - Data recieved in response to output, can be recieved from themselves (intrinsic). Kinaesthetic FB - receptors in muscles, generated by movements, felt by performer.
Or recieved by others (extrinsic) e.g. coach/fans.
What are the 6 types of feedback? Advantages/disadvantages?
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 - Telling performer what was good and correct about performance. Ad: Motivation. Disad: Makes performance seem better than it was.
𝐍𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 - What was bad/incorrect about performance. Ad: Help performers training focus. Disad: Demoralising
𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐥𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬 - Received through end result. Ad: Gives quick measure of success. Disad: Demotivating if losing.
𝐊𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐥𝐞𝐝𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 - How performer feels about their performance. Ad: Focus on aspects. Disad: Hard to break performance down.
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤 - From themselves. Ad: Immediate adjustments can be made. Disad: Requires knowledge of sport.
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤 - From others. Ad: Coaches help performers improve. Disad: Hard to get advice for beginners without coach.
