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GCSE PE > 1B- Cardio-respiratory System > Flashcards

1B- Cardio-respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport - Transports substances around the body: O2, Glucose, CO2, nutrients, H2O and waste products.
Control - Controlling body temperature.
Protect - Protects the body. Blood contains cells and anti-bodies that fight infection and clotting agents to stop bleeding. E.G. White blood cells fight bacteria.

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2
Q

Which blood vessel takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonery Artery

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3
Q

Which blood vessel returns deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Vena Cava

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4
Q

Which blood vessel takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

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5
Q

Which blood vessel returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Pulmonery Vein

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6
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels and their functions?

A

Arteries- Carry blood away from heart at high speed and pressure because of this arteries have a thick outer wall and inner layer of muscle.
Veins - Returns blood to heart at low speed and pressure so only needs thin outer wall. Veins also contain valves to prevent backflow.
Capillaries - Exchange vessel- carries blood to and from body’s cells, exchange of O2, CO2 between blood and tissue. For efficient exchange, the wall is only one cell thick.

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7
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel (lumen). The blood flow decreases and in exercise, arteries deliver blood to inactive areas.

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8
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel (lumen). The blood flow increases and in exercise, arteries dilate to active working muscles and skin. The dilated blood vessel increases transport of O2, nutrients & glucose, decrease blood pressure and removes cellular waste products.

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9
Q

What are the top 2 heart chambers that receive blood?

A

Left Atrium/Right Atrium

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10
Q

What are the bottom 2 heart chambers that eject blood?

A

Left Ventricle/Right Ventricle

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11
Q

What stimulates the heart to contract?

A

Syno-atrial node

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12
Q

What is your average resting Heart Rate? How can it differ?

A

70-75 BPM

- Affected by fitness levels, fitter you are lower it will be.

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13
Q

What 4 places can you record in your pulse?

A
  1. Wrist (Radial)
  2. Neck (Carotid)
  3. Groin (Femoral)
  4. Head (Temporal)
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14
Q

How do you work out your max heart rate (MHR)?

A

220 - Age

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15
Q

Define Heart Rate

A

Number of times your heart beats in a minute. Expressed in beats per minute (BPM).

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16
Q

What is anticipatory rise?

A

HR starts to slightly increase prior to exercise in preparation.

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17
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during one contraction.

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18
Q

Define Cardiac Output

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from heart in 1 minute. C.O (Q)= HR X SV.

19
Q

What cells makes up blood? List 4 and describe their functions.

A

RBC - Carries O2 due to containing haemoglobin which binds to oxygen. RBC have no nucleus, lives for 120 days and are made in bone marrow. 45%
WBC - Helps fight infection, made in bone marrow fewer numbers than RBC <1%
Platelets - Main function is blood clotting - prevent bleeding, made in bone marrow. <1%
Plasma - 90% water, other dissolved substances (salts, calcium, glucose, hormones).

20
Q

What is E.P.O.C?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption refers to the amount of O2 needed to recover after anaerobic exercise.

21
Q

What is Spirometer trace?

A

Piece of apparatus that measures air capacity of human lungs.

22
Q

Define Tidal volume

A

Normal amount of air inhaled/exhaled per breath.

23
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air forced out after tidal volume.

24
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air left in lungs after tidal volume.

25
Q

Define Residual volume

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration.

26
Q

Define Vital Capacity

A

Largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration.

27
Q

What is the flow of air?

A

1 - Nose/Mouth, 2- Pharynx, 3 - Larynx, 4 - Trachea, 5 - Bronchi, 6 - Bronchioles, 7 - Alveoli

28
Q

What is the name of tiny hairs that filter air and prevent dust reaching the lungs?

A

Cilia

29
Q

What helps to moisten the air and make it easier to absorb for the alveoli?

A

Mucus

30
Q

What is gaseous exchange? Where does it happen?

A

Takes place between the alveoli and pulmonary capillary - exchange of O2 and CO2. The law of partial pressure says that gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

  • Oxygen moves from alveoli into blood.
  • Carbon dioxide moves from blood into alveoli to be breathed out.
31
Q

Describe the process: mechanics of breathing - Inhalation

A
  1. Intercostals/diaphragm contract.
  2. Ribs go up and out.
  3. Volume inside lungs increase
  4. Pressure in lungs decreases.
    Result= Due to change in air pressure, air rushes in.
    (Reverse process for Exhalation)
32
Q

What are the immediate effects of exercise?

A
  • HR increases
  • C.O increases
  • Body temp increases - Face reddens
  • Start to sweat
  • Cramp
33
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise? (24-36 hours)

A
  • DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) -ache for up to 72hrs
  • Tighter muscles
  • Fatigued
  • Recovery Period
  • Light headed, nausea
34
Q

What are the Long-term effects of exercise? (Months/years)

A
  • Muscular/cardiac hypertrophy (heart/muscles get bigger)
  • Bradycardia (Decrease resting heart rate)
  • Capillarization (Increase number of capillaries)
  • Mitochondria 50% increase in months
  • Longer life span, decrease body fat %, change shape.
35
Q

Define Aerobic respiration. In aerobic training zone, what % of maximum heart rate are you working?

A

The product of energy in the presence of O2. Lower intensity, not too fast and steady exercise. Equation= Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + CO2 + Water
- 60-80% of maximum heart rate

36
Q

Define Anaerobic respiration. In anaerobic training zone, what % of maximum heart rate are you working?

A

Production of energy without the presence of O2. High intensity exercise, can only be used in short bursts.
Equation = Glucose = Energy + Lactic acid
- 80-90% of maximum heart rate

37
Q

What is Lactic Acid?

A

Lactic is a by product, mild poison, produced from anaerobic respiration. Makes the muscles feel sore and interferes with muscle contraction.

38
Q

List 4 ways you can recover from exercise and explain how this aids recovery.

A
  1. Cool down - Finish session with light period of exercise, reduces risk of injury & DOMS.
  2. Post-exercise diet - Following exercise take on fluid, eat a meal (preferably high in carbs) (also sports drink) within 2 hours to help replenish depleted glycogen stores.
  3. Ice baths - Helps flush waste products out of body, blood vessels dilate, blood goes through muscle to break down lactic acid.
  4. Massage - Increase blood flow to sore muscular areas a) reduce pain b) speeds healing process
    c) prevent/reduce DOMS.
39
Q

What is the pulse? Why record it?

A

Rhythmic beat of blood passing through arteries. You can record it to: 1. See how hard you’re working, 2. Work out your Max HR.

40
Q

What is the redistribution of blood at rest and during exercise?

A

At rest: Blood is directed towards the organs mainly for efficient running of the body.
At exercise: BF increases to skin (sweat) and working voluntary muscles (greater amount of o2), BF decrease to internal organs.

41
Q

What is the wall between the two sides of heart called?

A

The septum

42
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood a further distance around the body, so needs thicker walls for higher speed and pressure.

43
Q

What are the main muscles that allow us to breathe:

  • At rest
  • During exercise
A

At rest: Intercostals, diaphragm

During exercise: Pectorals and sternocleidomastoid.

44
Q

Describe the process: mechanics of breathing - Exhalation

A
  1. Intercostals and diaphragm relax
  2. Ribs move down and in
  3. Lung volume decreases
  4. Pressure increases
    Result - air is forced out.

GCSE PE (9 decks)

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