1A- Anatomy- Muscles, Skeleton and joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of bones? Give examples.

A

Flat - Often large, protects vital organs e.g cranium/pelvis.
Long - Enable gross (large) movements e.g. femur/humerous
Short - Enable finer (shorter) movements e.g. tarsals/carpals.
Irregular - Specifically shaped to protect e.g. vertabrae/patella.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Protection - Protects vital organs e.g. cranium protects brain.
Movement - the skeleton allows movement of the body as a whole and its individual parts. When muscles contract, it pulls on bones causing movement.
Support - Supports muscles and organs when the body is in different positions i.e. gymnast doing a somersault.
Shape/structure - Maintain basic shape of body, vital for good posture.
Blood Cell Production - Red and white blood cells produced in bone marrow of ribs, humerus, vertebrae and femur.
Mineral storage- Minerals essential for many major body functions e.g Storage of calcium which makes bones stronger.

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3
Q

What are the articulating bones of the:

  • Shoulder
  • Elbow
  • Hip
  • Knee
  • Ankle
A
Shoulder- scapula, clavicle, humerus.
Elbow- humerus radius, ulna.
Hip- pelvis, femur.
Knee- femur, patella, fibula, tibia
Ankle- tibia, fibula, talus
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4
Q

What is the definition of a joint?

A

The place where two bones meet (joints- characterised by amount of movement they allow).

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5
Q

What is a fixed joint?

A

There is no movement between bones e.g skull/pelvis.

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6
Q

What is a slightly movable joint?

A

There is limited movement between bones e.g vertebrae.

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7
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Joint allows far greater range of movement. Two types:

a) ball and socket- shoulder, hip.
b) Hinge- Knee, Elbow

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8
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Strong non-elastic cord that connects muscle to bone.

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9
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone (provide stability to the joint).

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10
Q

What is the function of Bursae?

A

Sac filled with liquid floating inside the joint to reduce friction between tendon and bone.

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11
Q

What is the function of cartillage?

A

Found at end of bones to act as a buffer and prevent friction of the bones rubbing together.

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12
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops bones rubbing together.

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13
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Lining inside joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

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14
Q

What is the function of the joint capsule?

A

Tissue that stops synovial fluid from leaking from the joint and helps hold the bones together.

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15
Q

Describe the joint action Flexion

A

Angle of the bone at a joint decreases e.g. knee flexes when preparing to kick a football.

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16
Q

Describe the joint action Extension

A

Angle of the bones at a joint increases and straightens e.g. Elbow extends when releasing ball with overarm throw in NFL.

17
Q

Describe the joint action Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the body mid-line e.g first movement of star jump.

18
Q

Describe the joint action Adduction

A

Movement of a limb back in towards the body mid-line e.g return movement of star jump.

19
Q

Describe the joint action Rotation

A

Circular movement where part of body turns and rest remains still. e.g cricketer overarm throw-rotation of shoulder.

20
Q

Describe the joint action Plantar Flexion

A

Action of pointing toes-increases angle between tibia and foot. E.G gymnast pointing toes in held balance.

21
Q

Describe the joint action Dorsi-Flexion

A

Action of bringing toes up towards shin, decrease angle between tibia and foot. E.g foot of 100m sprinter when running to reduce lever legnth of leg.

22
Q

What are the three types of muscle and what is their function?

A

Skeletal/Voluntary- Muscles under our conscious control and cause the main movements of our body e.g quadriceps, neural messages from brain to cause movement.
Involuntary/ smooth- Muscles work automatically, not under conscious control, works internal organs e.g intestines/bladder.
Cardiac- Specific to heart stimulated to contract by own electrical impulse, contracts repeatedly without trying.

23
Q

Define antagonistic pairs

A

Muscles work in pairs to cause movement e.g bicep, tricep.

24
Q

What is the Agonist/prime mover?

A

Muscle that contracts to cause movement e.g bicep

25
Q

What is the Antagonist?

A

Opposite muscle that relaxes to allow movement to occur e.g tricep.

26
Q

What is the antagonistic pairs and joint actions for these joints:

  • Elbow
  • Hip
  • Knee
  • Ankle
A

Elbow- Biceps and triceps, flexion and extension
Hip- Hip flexors and gluteals, flexion and extension
Knee- Hamstring and quadriceps, flexion and extension
Ankle- Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, dorsi-flexion & plantar flexion.

27
Q

What are the different types of muscle contractions?

A

(Isotonic) Concentric- Muscle shortens as it contracts. e.g bicep in the upward lifting phase of a bicep curl.
(Isotonic) Eccentric- Muscle lengthens under tension e.g biceps when lowerubg arm in bicep curl.
Isometric- Muscle contracts but stays the same length e.g holding crucifix in gym/ wall sit for fitness.

28
Q

How do muscles and skeleton work to create movement?

A
Movement occurs at a joint – joint is a place where 2 bones meet
Muscles work in antagonistic pairs 
The agonist (prime mover) contracts to cause the movement and the antagonist relaxes to allow the movement to occur.
Muscles attach to bones via tendons and pull on the bone to cause movement