1A- Anatomy- Muscles, Skeleton and joints

Question 1

What are the types of bones? Give examples.

Answer 1

Flat - Often large, protects vital organs e.g cranium/pelvis.
Long - Enable gross (large) movements e.g. femur/humerous
Short - Enable finer (shorter) movements e.g. tarsals/carpals.
Irregular - Specifically shaped to protect e.g. vertabrae/patella.

Question 2

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 2

Protection - Protects vital organs e.g. cranium protects brain.
Movement - the skeleton allows movement of the body as a whole and its individual parts. When muscles contract, it pulls on bones causing movement.
Support - Supports muscles and organs when the body is in different positions i.e. gymnast doing a somersault.
Shape/structure - Maintain basic shape of body, vital for good posture.
Blood Cell Production - Red and white blood cells produced in bone marrow of ribs, humerus, vertebrae and femur.
Mineral storage- Minerals essential for many major body functions e.g Storage of calcium which makes bones stronger.

Question 3

What are the articulating bones of the:

• Shoulder
• Elbow
• Hip
• Knee
• Ankle

Answer 3

Shoulder- scapula, clavicle, humerus.
Elbow- humerus radius, ulna.
Hip- pelvis, femur.
Knee- femur, patella, fibula, tibia
Ankle- tibia, fibula, talus

Question 4

What is the definition of a joint?

Answer 4

The place where two bones meet (joints- characterised by amount of movement they allow).

Question 5

What is a fixed joint?

Answer 5

There is no movement between bones e.g skull/pelvis.

Question 6

What is a slightly movable joint?

Answer 6

There is limited movement between bones e.g vertebrae.

Question 7

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 7

Joint allows far greater range of movement. Two types:

a) ball and socket- shoulder, hip.
b) Hinge- Knee, Elbow

Question 8

What is the function of tendons?

Answer 8

Strong non-elastic cord that connects muscle to bone.

Question 9

What is the function of ligaments?

Answer 9

Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone (provide stability to the joint).

Question 10

What is the function of Bursae?

Answer 10

Sac filled with liquid floating inside the joint to reduce friction between tendon and bone.

Question 11

What is the function of cartillage?

Answer 11

Found at end of bones to act as a buffer and prevent friction of the bones rubbing together.

Question 12

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 12

Clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops bones rubbing together.

Question 13

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

Answer 13

Lining inside joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid.

Question 14

What is the function of the joint capsule?

Answer 14

Tissue that stops synovial fluid from leaking from the joint and helps hold the bones together.

Question 15

Describe the joint action Flexion

Answer 15

Angle of the bone at a joint decreases e.g. knee flexes when preparing to kick a football.

Question 16

Describe the joint action Extension

Answer 16

Angle of the bones at a joint increases and straightens e.g. Elbow extends when releasing ball with overarm throw in NFL.

Question 17

Describe the joint action Abduction

Answer 17

Movement of a limb away from the body mid-line e.g first movement of star jump.

Question 18

Describe the joint action Adduction

Answer 18

Movement of a limb back in towards the body mid-line e.g return movement of star jump.

Question 19

Describe the joint action Rotation

Answer 19

Circular movement where part of body turns and rest remains still. e.g cricketer overarm throw-rotation of shoulder.

Question 20

Describe the joint action Plantar Flexion

Answer 20

Action of pointing toes-increases angle between tibia and foot. E.G gymnast pointing toes in held balance.

Question 21

Describe the joint action Dorsi-Flexion

Answer 21

Action of bringing toes up towards shin, decrease angle between tibia and foot. E.g foot of 100m sprinter when running to reduce lever legnth of leg.

Question 22

What are the three types of muscle and what is their function?

Answer 22

Skeletal/Voluntary- Muscles under our conscious control and cause the main movements of our body e.g quadriceps, neural messages from brain to cause movement.
Involuntary/ smooth- Muscles work automatically, not under conscious control, works internal organs e.g intestines/bladder.
Cardiac- Specific to heart stimulated to contract by own electrical impulse, contracts repeatedly without trying.

Question 23

Define antagonistic pairs

Answer 23

Muscles work in pairs to cause movement e.g bicep, tricep.

Question 24

What is the Agonist/prime mover?

Answer 24

Muscle that contracts to cause movement e.g bicep

Question 25

What is the Antagonist?

Answer 25

Opposite muscle that relaxes to allow movement to occur e.g tricep.

Question 26

What is the antagonistic pairs and joint actions for these joints: - Elbow - Hip - Knee - Ankle

Answer 26

Elbow- Biceps and triceps, flexion and extension Hip- Hip flexors and gluteals, flexion and extension Knee- Hamstring and quadriceps, flexion and extension Ankle- Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, dorsi-flexion & plantar flexion.

Question 27

What are the different types of muscle contractions?

Answer 27

(Isotonic) Concentric- Muscle shortens as it contracts. e.g bicep in the upward lifting phase of a bicep curl. (Isotonic) Eccentric- Muscle lengthens under tension e.g biceps when lowerubg arm in bicep curl. Isometric- Muscle contracts but stays the same length e.g holding crucifix in gym/ wall sit for fitness.

Question 28

How do muscles and skeleton work to create movement?

Answer 28

``` Movement occurs at a joint – joint is a place where 2 bones meet Muscles work in antagonistic pairs The agonist (prime mover) contracts to cause the movement and the antagonist relaxes to allow the movement to occur. Muscles attach to bones via tendons and pull on the bone to cause movement ```