298 Crusades Lecture 9 Feb 21 Flashcards

0
Q
  1. Dry summers in 1090
    Long winter in 1091-2
    Too much rain 1093
    1095 prolonged drought
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1
Q
  1. Between c. 1060-1130 a substage in the cooling phase (1000-1200) of the Medieval Warm Period (c. 900-1250).

Upshot: famine, crop failure, and pestilence

A

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2
Q
  1. 1090 ergotism (St. Anthony’s Fire) broke out

1093 unknown disease of some kind. Disastrous. Lasted several years. Germany and Low Countries.

Cattle pestilence

A

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3
Q
  1. Famine led to usury activities

Hits high and low, but the low hurt worst due to scarcity and hoarding

A

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4
Q
  1. Some communities conducted public processions and liturgical ceremonies to pray away the famine, drought, etc.
A

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5
Q
  1. Also led to widespread violence

Even effected nobles (part of why Urban stayed away from Normandy)

A

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6
Q
  1. In other words
    Collective penance, apocalyptical expectations, religious zeal and social violence all resulted from the hardships expecerienced by the population in 1090 and were precursors to early crusading movement
A

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7
Q
  1. Should look again at Urban talking about the land of “milk and honey” in this context, especially as preceeded by the line “this land which you inhabit…furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivation”
A

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8
Q
  1. The popular crusading movements emerged in those regions known to have been hit hardest by the famine and pestilence.

Germany, Low Countries, France

A

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9
Q
  1. Chroniclers wrote of the popular crusade as both a spontaneous exile (“ad spontaneum innumerabiles animasset exilium”)

and as a via Dei

Exodus and pilgrimage

A

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10
Q
  1. Not contradictory

Disaster as divine punishment for human sins, requiring a religious response

A

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11
Q
  1. Popular Crusader a hasty departure

“Panic sales” of rustics selling their goods at very low prices

Food plundering a feature of the popular crusade

Assaults on the Jews can also be read in this context

A

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12
Q
  1. Peter the Hermit

Managed to amass an army months before anyone else
Accepted by the princes as a member of the crusading elite, if only in a minor role

Supposedly entrusted with a letter from heaven to rouse Christians to free Jerusalem. Also at the request of Patriarch of Jerusalem, which he conveyed to Urban

A

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13
Q
  1. Peter’s armies on the road by Easter of 1096 (13 April)

At least 30,000 at the outset

Probably he began preaching before Clermont

Possible he’d been one of those appointed by Urban to preach the crusade

A

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14
Q
  1. Peter the Hermit’s preaching

Apocalyptic
Populist
Visionary
Charismatic

Even those hostile to him indicate he was charismatic and popular

A

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15
Q
  1. He recruited a number of significant lords, including Water, lord of Boissy Sans Avoir (Walter the Penniless)
A

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16
Q
  1. Peter’s army

Mostly Frenchmen and led by lords from Chartres and Champagne

Marched through Rhineland in April
Down Danube to Hungary
Across Balkans
Constantinople on 1 August

A

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17
Q
  1. Gottschalk, whom some of your reading talks about, was one of the priests Peter appears to have delegated his preaching to

Gottschalk recruited a large army in southern Germany

Massacred in late July by the Hungarian army, outraged by its violence and foraging (possibly foraging because not permitted to trade and so starving)

A

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18
Q
  1. Peter may have also delegated preaching to a German named Volkmar (Folcmar);
    his army dispersed by the Hungarians in late June
A

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19
Q

20a. Gottschalk’s army destroyed in beginning of July by King Coloman of Hungary around same time as Volkmar’s force dispersed

A

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20
Q

20b. Seems that Peter’s preaching inspired a variety of German lords, who followed the land route to Constantinople

A

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21
Q
  1. In Trier, Peter bullied the local Jewish community into supplying provisions
    Showed a letter from French Jews urging them to comply

Probably news of violence (real or threatened) against French Jews had already filtered east

A

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22
Q
  1. Pogroms against Jews

Many done by contingents associated with Peter

Little to none of this by the armies recruited by Urban (though there was some local extortion of Jews for money to fund the prince’s campaign)

A

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23
Q
  1. Godfrey of Bouillon was blackmailing the Jewish community of Cologne into subsidizing his campaign
A

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24
Q
  1. Peter’s movements reveal deliberation and control

He threatened Jews and preached against them, but kept his army in check and did not attack them

Unlike the armies in his wake

A

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25
Q
  1. Regensberg in May

Peter’s army organized a mass forced baptism of the city’s Jews.

A

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26
Q
  1. While followers of Peter characterized as the dregs of the Franks with children in tow “whenever they came upon a castle or city, asked whether this was Jerusalem”

Peter was capable of negotiating with the Byzantine emperor and the atabeg of Mosul

Neither ignorant nor dumb

A

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27
Q
  1. Walter Sans Avoir’s army, or its remnants, arrived in Constantinople around 20 July to await the arrival of Peter
A

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28
Q
  1. Under pressure, Peter’s army lacked discipline
A

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29
Q
  1. Peter’s army ran into trouble in Greece

Sack Semlin on their way over disputes over supplies

Provincial capital of Nish 27 June: crisis of supplies critical. Breaks out into violence and Peter’s army scattered. Lost as much as a third of his force

A

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30
Q

30a. Line of march at least a mile long and communications quickly broke down

Army regained some integrity after the Greeks start to chaperon them

1 August Constantinople

A

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31
Q

30b. When Peter arrived in Constantinople in August 1096, there was already a large army of Italians there.

We have no idea who they were, who led them, or what route they took.

A

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32
Q
  1. Alexius decided to push Peter and Walter into Asia Minor as quickly as possible to minimize risk.

Wary of food riots or dissident Greeks recruiting the foreigners to overthrow him.

Control via hospitality, generosity, firm direction

A

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33
Q
  1. Alexius advised waiting. Peter wanted to press ahead.

Part of the problem was boredom in his army exacerbated by regional rivalries and proximity to territory controlled by the Turks: capital of Nicaea only 25 miles away

A

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34
Q
  1. Leadership devolved on to the separate captains. Wanted to pillage, regardless of whether victims Greek Christians or Muslims

Food, booty, action!

A

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35
Q
  1. French raiders penetrated to the walls of Nicaea in September

Not to be outdone, contingent of Germans and Italians seized a castle at Xerigordo nearby. Trapped and massacred by the Turks

A

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36
Q
  1. French raiders penetrated to the walls of Nicaea in September

Not to be outdone, contingent of Germans and Italians seized a castle at Xerigordo nearby. Trapped and massacred by the Turks

A

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37
Q
  1. In a series of fast-moving engagements, a significant proportion of the Christian knights were isolated and killed, including Walter Sans Avoir (supposedly pierced by 7 arrows)
A

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38
Q
  1. Elite knights broken, Christains either massacred or fled

Only a Byzantine relief force saved the remnants of the Christian army

A

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39
Q
  1. Peter’s role as leader as at an end.

His army’s failure pointed up what was necessary for success:
united leadership
significant numbers of knights
respect for the enemy
adequate and secure supplies of food, water, war materials, and horses

A

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40
Q
  1. Peter may have encouraged or inspired Count Emich (Emico) of Fonheim

His followers massacred Jews

A

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41
Q
  1. In the three months since embarking on his crusade, Count Emich had, in the eyes of many, indelibly stained the holy project by the massacring of the Jews
A

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42
Q
  1. Various explanations for violence against the Jews:

Greed
Religious idealism
Fighting enemies of God
Avenging Muslim treatment of the Christians on the Jews and conflating it with their killing of Christ
Messianic, apocalyptic expectations made conversion of the Jews a prereq
Lower classes acting out of class frustration; imposing a “right order”
Holy war

A

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43
Q
  1. 3 May, 1096, Jewish Sabbath

Count Emich’s troops attacked Jews at Speyer, near his estates

Bishop came to their rescue

troops received help from townspeople. Bishop has their hands cut off.

Jews who had fled returned under bishop’s protection. Apostates allowed to revert to Judaism. New synagogue begun.

A

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44
Q
  1. 2 weeks later: Worms
    Emich mobilizes locals assistance

Given how close his own lands were, Emich probably exploiting known local tensions

Jews massacred
Torah scrolls desecrated

Hundreds died

A

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45
Q
  1. Mainz

Held up as example of Jewish martyrdom

Center of Jewish learning and business

lasts 2 days

Story of Rachel in Soloman bar Samson

c. 1000 Jews died

A

..

46
Q
  1. Pattern repeats.

Jews try to flee or bribe for their lives

Hunted down

A

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47
Q
  1. Emich turned south and east toward Hungary

Denied entry to Hungary in mid-July

Settles down for a siege.

Moral down at news that king Coloman coming. His men flee.

Emich and his knights worsted by a sortie from the garrison of Wiesselberg

A

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48
Q
  1. Emich’s army dissolved

Emich went home

A

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49
Q
  1. Pogroms did not end with Emich

Continue for some time, esp. around Cologne

Late summer it dies down

A

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50
Q
  1. Crusaders not in debt to the Jews

But many had sold or pledged their patrimonies and still faced further expense

Cash meant power and authority on crusade

A

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51
Q
  1. All Hebrew chronicle sources agree on the persistence of the theme of vengeance for the Crucifixion
A

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52
Q
  1. Political dimension

HRE Henry IV had explicitly and repeatedly forbidden the Jews to be harmed. They were under his protection.

Emich’s attacks represented a challenge to Henry’s authority. Assertion of independence.

A

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53
Q

In class writing

Three reasons for first crusade

And

Why did bishops protect the Jews against Emich?

A

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