298 Crusades Lecture 5 Feb 7

Question 0

2. Reminder about onCourse writing prompt
   Reply within discussion I start. Less messy.

Reminder. Next Thursday document analysis due.

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Question 1

1. Review of stuff with Dana

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Question 2

3. Topics for the day

a) Church Reform (Peace and Truce of God)
b) Seljuq Turks
c) Requests for aid prior to 1095

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Question 3

4. Localization in wake of invasions had hurt the church.

Loss of connection between local bishops and pope

Pope quite weak as a figure

Scattering of practices
Clerical abuses; clerical marriage; concubinage; simony

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Question 4

5. There were multiple popes.

11th century. Henry III, HRE, brought troops to Rome to deal with the problem of multiple popes. Installed his own pope. Cluniac reformer.

Henry III. r. 1028-1056

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Question 5

6. Pope Leo IX. Reformer. Deposed bishops who had bought their offices.

Leo IX. 1049-1054

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Question 6

7. Leo became pope after a string of popes who had ascended by nefarious means. Assassinations

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Question 7

8. Quarrels with eastern church.

Leo sent a legate to Constantinople. Doesn’t go well. Legate excommunicates the patriarch of Constantinople in 1054. Known as the schism. In reality, not a schism.
The real break wouldn’t come until much later. Still a dramatic event

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Question 8

9. Goal of reform movement:

Desire to restore papal authority and dignity

Eliminate lay control over the clergy: this a major theme within the population as well

Libertas Ecclesiae

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Question 9

10. 1056 Henry III died. Young son. Gives the reformers an opportunity to move forward with removing lay control of clergy. Place to start is control of Papacy

Henry VI. r. 1056/1084-1106

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Question 10

11. After Leo, Nicholas II in 1059 issues papal election decree. Saying that the cardinals will elect pope. Ends up causing tensions with the German emperor

R. 1059-1061

Followed by
Alexander II 1061-1073

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Question 11

12. Nicholas II: gets the papacy an army.

Signs up the Normans in southern Italy.
Nicholas recognizes Robert Guiscard as count of Apulia. Legitimizes Robert’s conquest . Pope also grants Sicily to Robert’s nephew Roger, which the Muslims hold. Papal banner to conquer.

Pope a feudal lord with these Normans as his vassals.

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Question 12

13. Tensions with HRE explode with Gregory VII (1073 to 1085). Strong reformer.

1075 edict prohibiting lay investiture.

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Question 13

14. Henry IV rejects it and calls for the deposition of the pope.

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Question 14

14b. G. excommunicates Henry and deposing him.
Dictatus Papae that lists the rights of the pope, including deposing and appointing emperors. Deposes Henry.
Does this with a letter and it worked. Henry forced in 1077 to go to pope’s winter palace. Stands for three days in snow, begging forgiveness. Pope brings him in and hears his confession and absolves him

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Question 15

15. Three years later Henry defied Gregory. Gregory’s excommunication does not work. Henry invades Rome. G dies in exile

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Question 16

15b. 1080 with papal blessing Guiscard tried to conquer the Byzantine empire.

Fails in part because he had to return to Rome to protect Gregory who had been driven out by the emperor

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Question 17

16. Investiture conflict lasts many more decades. As time went on, clear popes had upper hand. Emperor’s power erodes. Papal monarchy.

Officially controversy ends in 1122 with the Concordat of Worms

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Question 18

17. German emperors continue that they have the right to appoint popes. In fact most keep their own popes with them wherever they travel.

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Question 19

18. Rest of Europe increasingly less interested in the German side of this and more and more are siding with the papacy.
    Reform popes now able to implement their reforms more effectively.

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Question 20

19. This reform victory meant that in the minds of average people, the church and the figure of the pope are becoming more in their minds the leader of Christendom.

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Question 21

20. In the Middle Ages, people did not self- identify by political nationality. Nation- states are modern creations. Instead, they identified by locality then Christendom. Previous to this, leader of Christendom had been thought of as the Holy Roman Emperor. Now people looking to the pope as leader of Europe. This only becomes more pronounced going into the 12th and 13thc

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Question 22

21. Reformers begin to set their sites on all of Christian society.
    First monasteries reformed.
    Then the papacy and clergy.
    Now looking to how to reform society. How to order it so all are working for the good of God on earth. Some trying to apply the selflessness and piety of the monasteries to every walk of life, including the warriors. (Truce of God and Holy War – next week)

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Question 23

22. Seljuq Turks have swept in to the region in the 11thc. Conquered Armenia, Syria, Palestine and taking Jerusalem.

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Question 24

23. Turks at this stage not so good at forming unified governance. Factions and emirates quickly emerge, especially for our purposes in Syria and Palestine. Meant that in these regions there was a fair amount of disruption and lawlessness, making the areas dangerous to visit.

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Question 25

24. Conquest of Jerusalem 1071. Some persecutions of Christian clergy, destruction of churches, killing of pilgrims. Didn’t last long. Turks soon realised that Jerusalem’s sole economic raison d’ etre was pilgrim trade.

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Question 26

25. General lawlessness in Syria and Palestine remains, however

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Question 27

26. Turkish warriors there wage jihad against Byzantine empire in Asia Minor.

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Question 28

26b. Mid- 10th century Byz retake Syria.
Fatamids and Abbasids fighting each other, especially over Palestine and Syria.
Turks move in.
Turkish campaign against corruption in Islam

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Question 29

27a. 1071 meet the combined armies of the empire led by the emperor himself, Romanus IV. Battle of Manzikert. Byzantine army destroyed. Emperor captured. Turks invade and quickly overrun Asia Minor. Almost to the walls of Constantinople.

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Question 30

27. Enormous and significant defeat. All that’s left of the empire is not much more than that is today the modern state of Greece. Looked like the empire had reached its last stages.
    Emperor desperate for help: turn to the only power possible; christian Europe.

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Question 31

28. Byzantines generally did not look well on western Europe. Western Europe just a mass of undifferentiated German barbarians. Assumption that one day the Romans would get around to reconquering the west and the barbarian interlude would be forgotten.
    Thus, asking the west for help required a huge swallowing of pride.

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Question 32

29. Pope is Gregory VII. Received the request for aid before the Investiture Controversy began. He and Henry seem to be getting along fairly well at this point.

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Question 33

30. Saw in this request a chance to bring the Latin and Greek sides of the Church together again. If west could bring a force together to help their brothers in the east, it would help to heal the rift from 1054

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Question 34

31. Gregory immediately made plans to raise a great army in Europe. Envisioned himself leading the army. Ironically, he suggested that Henry IV stay behind to take care of the church.

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Question 35

32. 1073-4 Gregory proposed to lead on armed force to aid Byzantine emperor. Rise of thoughts of new way to gain salvation for laymen: through arms.

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Question 36

33. Gregory quickly ended up getting into a fight with Henry. Investiture Controversy begins. Gregory unable to raise those forces.

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Question 37

34. In-class writing

How does the Investiture Conflict help pave the way for the Crusades?

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