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Year 5-Paedatrics > 29/01/24 > Flashcards

29/01/24 Flashcards

1
Q

dyskinetic cerebral palsy presents with

A

athetoid movements and oro-motor problems

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2
Q

how does DMD present?

A

3-5?
large calves in a patient with weakness in the muscles surrounding pelvis

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3
Q

spastic cerebral palsy?

A

hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia
increased tone due to UMN

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4
Q

what is needed to keep open ductus arteriosus?

why would you want to keep it open?

A

prostaglandin
so in situations where the oxygen supply etc would decrease like TGA

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5
Q

what is TGA?

is this an emergency?

what is initial mx?

A

aorta comes from right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle

medical emergency

prostaglandin e1

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6
Q

head injury paeds?
high risk?

A

> 3 vomits
amnesia >5mins
LOC >5 mins
GCS <14

dangerous mechanism of injury

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7
Q

measles occurs alongside other systemic symptomst/f

A

true

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8
Q

what is erythema multiforme?

A

hypersensitivity reaction
> herpes simplex virus

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9
Q

roseola infantum

A

high grade fever
maculopapular rash and is not itchy

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10
Q

is a roseola rash itchy?

A

no

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11
Q

what is acute epiglottis caused by?

A

haemophilus influenza type b

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12
Q

The mother of a 6-week-old baby girl born at 32 weeks gestation asks for advice about immunisation. What should happen regarding the first set of vaccines?

A

Give as per normal timetable

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13
Q

why are children with down’s more associated with sleep apnoea and snoring?

A

low muscle tone in upper airways and large tongue/adenoids

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14
Q

what do VSD put you at risk of?

why?

A

endocarditis

moves at high velocity across VSD’s stenotic /leaky valves or PDA

high velocity flow allows for the sticking of clotting factor

due to endothelium exposing vWF elements to defects so bacteria then adhere to defect

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15
Q

feverish child assessment

A

temperature
hr
rr
cap refill

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16
Q

signs of dehydration

A

reduced skin turgor
cool extremities

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17
Q

red high risk signs
activity

A

no response to social cues
ill to healthcare
does not wake
weak, high pitched / continous cry

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18
Q

red circulation and hydration

A

reduced skin turgor

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19
Q

other RED signs

A

<3 months
>38 non-blanching rash

bulging fontanelle
neck stiffness
status epilepticus
focal neurological signs
focal seizures

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20
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

absence of one testicle from scrotum

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21
Q

what is the most common signs of neonatal sepsis

A

grunting
respiratory distress

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22
Q

when is it classified as neonatal sepsis

A

<28 days

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23
Q

apgar scores
low score

A

0-3 is very low score

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24
Q

apgar score healthy

A

7-10

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25
Q

1 points apgar for colour

A

body pink
extremities blue

26
Q

causative agent in croup

A

parovirus

27
Q

why is pseudomonas aeruginosa bad in cystic fibrosis?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is an opportunistic gram-negative bacteria that causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)

28
Q

how is pseudomonas mx in CF?

A

oral ciprofloxacin

29
Q

what are the contraindications of lumbar puncture?

A

focal neurological signs
papilloedema
significant bulging of fontanelle
DIC
signs of cerebral herniation

30
Q

meningococcal septicaemia
Ix?

A

blood cultures
serum lactate
blood glucose
coagulation screen
U&E’s

31
Q

why is a lumbar puncture contraindicated in meningococcal septicaemia?

A

purpuric rash suggests coagulopathy - DIC?- therefore LP could risk a bleed > haematoma in spinal cord > irreversible neuro damage

32
Q

mx of meningitis

A

abx
steroids
fluids - colloid
cerebral monitoring
mechanical vebtilation if needed

33
Q

when are steroids given in meningitis management?

A

have to be over 3 months

purulent CSF. WCC >1000

protein concentration >1g/litre

bacteria on gram stain

34
Q

urgent fluid resus?
children

A

gluten free crystalloids
bolus of 20ml/kg <10 mins

35
Q

10-20ml/kg over less than 10 mins is fluid resus for which age group?

A

neonates

36
Q

clinical dehydration signs?

A

Sunken eyes
Dry mucous membranes
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Normal peripheral pulses
Normal capillary refill time
Reduced skin turgor
Normal blood pressure

37
Q

hypernatraemic dehydration:

A

jittery movements
increased muscle tone
hyperreflexia
convulsions
drowsiness / coma

38
Q

cradle cap rash mx?

what causes it?

A

seborrhoeic dermatitis
baby shampoo and baby oil

overactive sebaceous glands

39
Q

impetigo mx?

A

fusidic acid
abx cream

40
Q

retinoblastoma
what is it?

A

most common ocular malignancy
autosomal dominant caused by loss of function of TS gene on chromosome 13

41
Q

features of retinoblastoma?

A

absence of red reflex
white pupil
strabismus

42
Q

mx?

A

enucleation
external beam radiation
chemo
photocoagulation

43
Q

coxsackie virus causes what?

A

hand foot and mouth disease

44
Q

_______ is considered the gold standard for detecting renal parenchymal defects, such as scarring due to vesicoureteric reflux

A

Radionuclide scan using dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA).

45
Q

is the carotid pulse assessed in under 12 months?
what other pulses are not checked in infant

A

No
neither is the radial pulse used

46
Q

meckel’s diverticulum presents with?

rule of what applies?

A

mimics appendix pain in 1-2 yr olds
two feet proximal to ileocaecal valve

painless GI bleed

rule of 2’s
2%
2 feet from ileocaecal valve
2 inches

47
Q

Ix for meckles diverticulum?

A

99m technetium
mesenteric arteriography may also be used in more severe cases

48
Q

pathophysiology of meckles diverticulum

A

normally, in the foetus, there is an attachment between the vitellointestinal duct and the yolk sac. This disappears at 6 weeks gestation

the tip is free in the majority of cases

associated with enterocystomas, umbilical sinuses, and omphaloileal fistulas.
arterial supply: omphalomesenteric artery.

typically lined by ileal mucosa but ectopic gastric mucosa can occur, with the risk of peptic ulceration. Pancreatic and jejunal mucosa can also occur.

49
Q

mx of kawasaki disease?

A

high dose aspirin 7.5-12.5mg/kg 4x a day for 2 weeks
2.5mg/kg daily for 6-8 weeks

IV immunoglobulins 2g/kg daily for one dose treatment given within 10 days of onset of symptoms

50
Q

what makes up the apgar score?

A

actrivity
pulse
grimace
appearance
respiration

51
Q

screen for __________ in people with down’s syndrome who participate in sport

why?

A

atlanto-axial instability -

increased risk of neck dislocation

52
Q

osteochondritis disease

A

older children
separation of fragment of cartilage
typically in the knee, ankle, elbow

associated wiht sports
joint swelling
pain
mechanical symptoms such as locking / catching

53
Q

osteoid osteoma

A

localized pain that is worse at night and relieved by NSAIDs
only one side

benign bone tumour swelling / tenderness

54
Q

webbed neck think turners or?

A

noonan

55
Q

learning diff and macrocephaly

A

fragile X

56
Q

fragile X

A

macrocephaly
;long face
large ears
large orchids

57
Q

mycoplasma pneumonia is mx?

A

macrolide abx
erythrmycin

58
Q

huntingtons disease autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

59
Q

chondromalacia patellae

A

runners knee
cartilage underneath patella deteriorates and softens
this condition is more common among young athletes

60
Q

Osgood-Schlatter disease
(tibial apophysitis)

A

pain
tenderness
swelling over tibial tubercle

61
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia
causes

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia
underdeveloped lungs
>oligohydramnios
>tet of fallot
>osetogenesis imperfecta

62
Q
A

Year 5-Paedatrics (18 decks)

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