2.8 Germanys International Postion 1924-28 Flashcards
When is the Dawes plan?
1924
When is the Locarno pact?
1925
When is the young plan?
1929
When are Germany admitted into the League of Nations?
1926
When is the treaty of Berlin
1926
What was always the foreign policy of the Weimar Republic from 1919-1933?
Reverse the terms of the treaty of Versailles (divisions on how this could be achieved)
How did the nationalist right want to overturn the treaty of Versailles!
Reject it through rebuilding military strength for a time when it could regain lost territory
What was the pragmatic approach to overtiring the treaty of Versailles and what did it do?
Policy of fulfilment
Involved Germany co-operating with France, Great Britain USA and Italy on issues such as reparations and removing allied occupation from Germany territory
When was Gustav stresmann foreign minster?
1923-1929
When did the French leave the Ruhr?
1925
Why did the French leave the Ruhr in 1925?
Dawes plan and passive resistance
What led to the Locarno pact in 1925?
Germany wanting to reassure France of peaceful intentions so the treaty of Versailles could be reduced in severity in the long run
Why were German nationalists unhappy with the treaty of Versailles ruling out a union with Austria?
They believed all German speakers should be part of one state
Whose idea was the Locarno pact of 1925?
Germany
What was Germanys agenda at the Locarno pact 1925?
-restore Germanys position internationally and avoid any hostile alliance between Britan and France and France had felt threatened by Germanys industrial recovery
What France suspicious about the Locarno pact?
Yes but eventually agreed to attend
The discussions led to the Locarno pact 1925, what was in the pact?
Rhineland pact
Arbitration treaties
What does arbitration mean
a way of settling a dispute without having to go to court.
What was agreed under the Rhineland pact (Locarno 1925)?(3 asp)
-Germany agree to keep troops out Rhineland(as demanded in treaty of Versailles)
-western frontier drawn by treaty of Versailles internationally guaranteed by France,Germany and Belgium
-Britain and Italy promise to aid Germany France of Belgium if they were attacked by any neighbours
What was agreed under the arbitration treaties(Locarno 1925)(2 asp)?
-Germany agree with France,Belgium ,Poland and Czech that any dispute between them is to be settled by a conciliation committee to mediate discussions
-France sign tries of mutual guarantee with Poland and Czech to make sure Germany wouldn’t break the agreement above
What did Germany join as a result of the Locarno pact?
The League of Nations in 1926
Why was the Locarno pact significant for Germany?(3 asp)
-first time they had recognised western border imposed at the treaty of Versailles
-accepted the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France
-meant the 1923 occupation of the Ruhr could never be repeated
Why was the Locarno pact 1925 significant for the French?
-guarantee support from British should there be another attack from Germany
What happened to the troops in the Rhineland as a result of the Locarno pact?
French agreed to withdraw forces (although it was postponed in Jan 1925 because Germany refused to comply with the disarmament obligations imposed at the treaty of Versailles
-it was achieved over the next 5 years without stresmann making any assurances Germany would disarm
Why did the Locarno pact not reconsider the eastern borders as much as the western borders?
Because Germany thought there was the possibly of further revision as some stage in the future
Why did the nationalistic right dislike the Locarno pact?
They thought it appeased the allies and gave to much away
What were the 3 similarities between the Weimar Republic and Russia?
-both defeated in the war and suffered from punishing treaties
-both felt the existence of Poland was a threat to security (had minorities of both inside too)
-both treated as outcast nations and not initially allowed to join the League of Nations
When is the treaty of Rapallo?
April 1922
What was agreed at the treaty of Rapallo April 1922?
-Germany and Russia resumed trade and economic cooperation
-diplomatic relations between the two countries restored
-all outstanding claims for compensation of war damage dropped
-Germany allowed to develop new weapons and train pilots in Russia
Why was the treaty of Rapallo April 1922 symbolic?
Step away from post war isolation (France however angered by treaty as it showed attempt to get round treaty of Versailles)
What is the treaty of Berlin?
April 1926
What was agreed in the treaty of Berlin April 1926?
-renewed treaty of Rapallo April 1922
-Germany remain neutral in a war involving USSR as long as USSR not aggressor
-
What does the Berlin treaty of April 1926 being signed one year after the Locarno pact of 1925 show about stresmann?
Despite agreeing the western frontiers stressmann had not abandoned his desire to secure a revision of Germanys eastern frontiers
(close relationship with ussr needed because they would resist any border change they did not agree with)
What was the purpose of the IMCC(inter-allied control commission)
Ensure Germany complied with disarmament clauses, check existing weapons were destroyed and no new weapons outside the terms of the treaty were being produced
(Staffed by British and French officers)
What was Germanys army limited to under the treaty of Versailles?
100,000 men
No airforce
Navy prevented from having submarines and large battleships
Rhineland demilitarised meaning German fortifications had to be dismantled and no troops allowed in the area
-to ensure compliance in the Rhineland the IMCC was established to monitor the disarmament
Why did Germany resent the disarmament clauses?
The allies were free to maintain their own formidable forces
What I’d evidence that Germany seeker ways around the disarmament clause?
-treaty of Rapallo(pilots in USSR)
-building submarines in Spain
-building tanks and artillery in Sweden
Did Germany build fortifications along the polish border?
Yes
What other ways did the chief of the army General von Seeckt use to get round the disarmament clause?
-recruits insisted for short periods where they weoukd receive intense military training(created a large army reserve that could be called upon in short notice)
-army sponsored paramilitary groups which formed another reserve force
-aimed to destroy newly independent Poland-agreements with USR kept secret form politicians stresesmann turns a blind eye to the extend of military co-operation
Who was the key army commander in chief working around the disarmament clause?
General Von seeckt (tactically approved by politicians)
When was the Kellogg-Briand pact? And who was in it
1928
France and the USA
What was the Kellogg-Briand pact 1928?
States internationally renounce offensive wars to resolve disputes
Limited effectiveness as no measures to ensure enforcement
When were all foreign powers removed from German soil (policy of fulfilment completed)?
1930
When were the IMCC removed from Germany?
1926
What caused allied troops to retreat to zone 1 of Rhineland in 1926?
Dawes plan 1924
Locarno pact 1925
What are the two agreements about stesemanns policies?
Policy of fulfilment-devious policy to cover up nationalist agenda (evidence:military arrangements with ussr)
Negotiation and compromise(fully aware that Germanys recovery depended on maintinaing goods relations with the west
When did stresesmann die?
1929
