27. disturbances in keratinisation

Question 1

what are the things that regulate epidermal cell differentiation

Answer 1

cytokines, hormones, nutritional factors and autoregulation

Question 2

where do disturbances of keratinisation usually occur

Answer 2

in the cornified epithelium

Question 3

in what parts of the body would you see disturbances of keratinisation more often

Answer 3

skin, modified appendices of the epithelium, mouth cavity, esophagus and forestomachs

Question 4

types of disturbances in keratinisation

Answer 4

hypokeratosis, hyperkeratosis and dyskeratosis

Question 5

types of hyperkeratosis

Answer 5

orthokeratotic/hyperkeratosis and parakeratotic/parakeratosis

Question 6

features of hyperkeratosis

Answer 6

thickening of str corneum, cornification process is completed

Question 7

features of parakeratosis

Answer 7

thickening of str corneum, incomlete cornification process - cell nuclei retained

Question 8

local hyperkeratosis features

Answer 8

intense epithelial hyperplasia, intense keratinisation in str corneum

Question 9

causes local hyperkeratosis

Answer 9

mechanical cause, chronic inflammation or circulatory disturbance, malformation, viral infection

Question 10

mechanical cause of local hyperkeratosis

Answer 10

callus, tyloma

Question 11

chronic inflammation that could causae local hyperkeratosis

Answer 11

pachydermia

Question 12

malformation that could cause local hyperkeratosis

Answer 12

cutaneous horn

Question 13

generalised hyperkeratosis types

Answer 13

vit A deficiency, biotin deficiency, toxical floor, intoxication, primary seborrhea, ichthyosis congenita

Question 14

whats ichthyosis congenita

Answer 14

a recessive genetic factor, lethal, mostly in cattle and dog, relatively rare, exact cause is unknown

Question 15

vit A deficiency in which species can lead to problems with keratinisation

Answer 15

swine and cattle

Question 16

parakeratosis features

Answer 16

cornified layer is thicker, nuclei still present close to the surface

Question 17

parakeratosis in the skin

Answer 17

skin oedema, Zn deficiency, hepatocutaneous syndrome, chronic inflammation

Question 18

parakeratosis in the rumen

Answer 18

chronic inflammation, papillae stick together willow-leaf like appearance, maceration

Question 19

parakeratosis macroscopic lesions on skin

Answer 19

dry, laminar structure and crumbling, Zn deficiency

Question 20

consistency of Zn defiency on skin

Answer 20

greasy - sebaceous gland hyperfunction

Question 21

colour of Zn defiency on skin

Answer 21

dark brownish after drying out

Question 22

macroscoppic lesions of parakeratosis in the rumen

Answer 22

papillae stick together -> willow leaf like appearance

maceration -> greasy consistency of cornified layer

Question 23

disturbance of the keratinisation of the rumen epithelium results in what specific disease in cattle

Answer 23

liver abscessation

Question 24

explain the hyper and parakeratosis rumenitis liver abscess complex

Answer 24

constant acidic pH, hyper and parakeratosis(locus minoris resistancea), colonising pathogenic bacteria -> chronic inflammation - bacteria in propria - purulent, ichorous an or necrotising inflammation

Question 25

where does dyskeratosis start

Answer 25

str spinosum

Question 26

types of dyskeratosis

Answer 26

primary and secondary

Question 27

features of dyskeratosis

Answer 27

prematured, apoptic cells rare