25. disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycogen

A

storage form of glucose

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2
Q

where is glycogen normally deposited

A
  • hepatocytes
  • myocytes
  • renal tubular cells
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3
Q

fixation of glycogen

A

10% buff formaline at 4degrees

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4
Q

stainings of glycogen

A
  • PAS
  • PAS and amylase pretreatment
  • bests carmine - red
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5
Q

reasons for increased glycogen production and or accumulation

A
  • overfeeding
  • increased activity
  • glycogen storage diseases
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6
Q

examples of glycogen storage diseases

A
  • enzymeopathies
  • inhibited glycolysis
  • predilection sites
  • gierkes disease
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7
Q

whats gierkes disease

A
  • enzymeopathy
  • lack of glucose-6-phosphatase
  • hypoglycaemia at starvation
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8
Q

reasons for decreased level of glycogen

A

decreased production, increased mobilisation

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9
Q

reasons for decreased glycogen production

A
  • toxic chemicals
  • bacterial toxins
  • mycotoxins
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10
Q

reasons for increased mobilisation of glycogen

A
  • starvation
  • baby pig disease
  • cold
  • increased metabolism
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11
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

cluster of metabolic disorders associated with the relative or absolute lack of insulin, resulting in persistant hyperglycaemia and consequential glucosuria

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12
Q

two major types of DM

A
  • type 1 -insulin dependant DM

- type 2 - non insulin dependant DM

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13
Q

whats type 1 diabetes

A

primary dysfunction of sinsulin secretion -> good response to insulin therapy

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14
Q

whats type 2 diabetes

A

when pancreas doesnt produce enough to maintain normal blood glucose or body unable to use insulin thats produced -> insulin resistance, insulin therapy not good

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15
Q

type 2 is mainly seen in what kind of animals

A

cats, obese animals, older animals

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16
Q

type 1 is mainly seen in what kind of animals

A

dogs, younger animals, thinner animals

17
Q

DM symptoms

A

hyperglycaemia
glucosuria
polyuria
chronic renal failure

18
Q

consequences of DM

A
  • glucose conc of body fluids and excretes
  • overweight or other/alternative metabolic pathways
  • fat-infiltration of the liver
  • non enzymatic glycation of proteins
  • imparied leukocyte function
19
Q

consequences of DM to do with body fluids and excretes

A
  • glucosuria- polyuria and dypsea
  • glucose fermenting microorganisms - emphysematous cystitis
  • glycogen accumulation in kidney
20
Q

consequences of DM to do with overwight of alternative metabolic pathways

A
  • starvation - incr in GGL and GNG
  • ketone bodies - acidosis, neuropathy
  • decr glucose uptake - incr polyol pathway - incr sorbitol - incr osmolarity of lens - cataracts
21
Q

consequences of DM to do with fat infiltration of the liver

A
  • glycogen defiency
  • energy from lipids - lipid accumulation in liver
  • incomplete oxidation of FA
  • ketone bodies produced
22
Q

consequences of DM non enzymatic glycation of proteins

A
  • microvascular -diabetic retinoapthy, nephropathy, neuropathy
  • macrovascular
  • other tissues; lens - cataract
23
Q

consequences of DM to do with impaired leukocyte function

A

diminished resistance to infections