25. disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism

Question 1

what is glycogen

Answer 1

storage form of glucose

Question 2

where is glycogen normally deposited

Answer 2

• hepatocytes
• myocytes
• renal tubular cells

Question 3

fixation of glycogen

Answer 3

10% buff formaline at 4degrees

Question 4

stainings of glycogen

Answer 4

• PAS
• PAS and amylase pretreatment
• bests carmine - red

Question 5

reasons for increased glycogen production and or accumulation

Answer 5

• overfeeding
• increased activity
• glycogen storage diseases

Question 6

examples of glycogen storage diseases

Answer 6

• enzymeopathies
• inhibited glycolysis
• predilection sites
• gierkes disease

Question 7

whats gierkes disease

Answer 7

• enzymeopathy
• lack of glucose-6-phosphatase
• hypoglycaemia at starvation

Question 8

reasons for decreased level of glycogen

Answer 8

decreased production, increased mobilisation

Question 9

reasons for decreased glycogen production

Answer 9

• toxic chemicals
• bacterial toxins
• mycotoxins

Question 10

reasons for increased mobilisation of glycogen

Answer 10

• starvation
• baby pig disease
• cold
• increased metabolism

Question 11

what is diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

cluster of metabolic disorders associated with the relative or absolute lack of insulin, resulting in persistant hyperglycaemia and consequential glucosuria

Question 12

two major types of DM

Answer 12

• type 1 -insulin dependant DM

- type 2 - non insulin dependant DM

Question 13

whats type 1 diabetes

Answer 13

primary dysfunction of sinsulin secretion -> good response to insulin therapy

Question 14

whats type 2 diabetes

Answer 14

when pancreas doesnt produce enough to maintain normal blood glucose or body unable to use insulin thats produced -> insulin resistance, insulin therapy not good

Question 15

type 2 is mainly seen in what kind of animals

Answer 15

cats, obese animals, older animals

Question 16

type 1 is mainly seen in what kind of animals

Answer 16

dogs, younger animals, thinner animals

Question 17

DM symptoms

Answer 17

hyperglycaemia
glucosuria
polyuria
chronic renal failure

Question 18

consequences of DM

Answer 18

• glucose conc of body fluids and excretes
• overweight or other/alternative metabolic pathways
• fat-infiltration of the liver
• non enzymatic glycation of proteins
• imparied leukocyte function

Question 19

consequences of DM to do with body fluids and excretes

Answer 19

• glucosuria- polyuria and dypsea
• glucose fermenting microorganisms - emphysematous cystitis
• glycogen accumulation in kidney

Question 20

consequences of DM to do with overwight of alternative metabolic pathways

Answer 20

• starvation - incr in GGL and GNG
• ketone bodies - acidosis, neuropathy
• decr glucose uptake - incr polyol pathway - incr sorbitol - incr osmolarity of lens - cataracts

Question 21

consequences of DM to do with fat infiltration of the liver

Answer 21

• glycogen defiency
• energy from lipids - lipid accumulation in liver
• incomplete oxidation of FA
• ketone bodies produced

Question 22

consequences of DM non enzymatic glycation of proteins

Answer 22

• microvascular -diabetic retinoapthy, nephropathy, neuropathy
• macrovascular
• other tissues; lens - cataract

Question 23

consequences of DM to do with impaired leukocyte function

Answer 23

diminished resistance to infections