24. Metabolism and Nutrition

Question 1

cushing syndrome

Answer 1

excessive production of the hormone cortisol, rapid weight gain, especially in the trunk and face region, depression, and anxiety.

Question 2

glycolysis

Answer 2

a series of reactions transfer some of the energy in glucose to ADP to form ATP. The last step in glycolysis produces the product pyruvate. 糖酵解

Question 3

pyruvate

Answer 3

丙酮酸

Question 4

anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

the process of ATP synthesis without adequate oxygen delivery to tissues (e.g. during intense exercise) 无氧呼吸

Question 5

aerobic Respiration

Answer 5

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also called aerobic metabolism, cell respiration, and oxidative metabolism.

Question 6

Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Answer 6

a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Question 7

gluconeogenesis

Answer 7

the synthesis of new glucose molecules from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or the amino acids alanine or glutamine

Question 8

triglyceride

Answer 8

甘油三酯

Question 9

lipolysis

Answer 9

To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol 脂肪分解

Question 10

ketone body

Answer 10

酮体

Question 11

ketogenesis

Answer 11

organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids

Question 12

lipogenesis

Answer 12

When glucose levels are plentiful, the excess acetyl CoA generated by glycolysis can be converted into fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroids, and bile salts. 脂肪生成

Question 13

metabolic rate

Answer 13

the amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expended by the body 代谢速率

Question 14

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 14

the amount of daily energy expended by humans at rest, in a neutrally temperate environment, while in the postabsorptive state 基础代谢率

Question 15

calorie

Answer 15

The nutritional Calorie(C) is the amount of heat it takes to raise 1 kg (1000 g) of water by 1 °C. The calorie (c) used in the physical sciences is the amount of heat it takes to raise 1 g of water by 1 °C.