18. Cardiovascular System

Question 1

bile

Answer 1

胆汁

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

the fluid portion of the blood

Question 3

hematocrit

Answer 3

a test measures the percentage of RBCs
分血器

Question 4

erythrocyte

Answer 4

red blood cell (RBC) 红细胞

Question 5

leukocyte

Answer 5

white blood cell (WBC) 白细胞

Question 6

platelet

Answer 6

the cell fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell called a megakaryocyte血小板

Question 6

buffy coat

Answer 6

a pale, thin layer composed of the remaining formed elements (rather than erythrocyte) of blood

Question 7

thrombocyte

Answer 7

platelet

Question 8

packed cell volume (PCV)

Answer 8

The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation

Question 9

hemoglobin

Answer 9

血红蛋白

Question 10

hematopoiesis

Answer 10

(Greek root haima- = “blood”; -poiesis = “production”) 造血作用

Question 11

mitosis

Answer 11

有丝分裂

Question 12

cytokinesis

Answer 12

(cellular division) 胞质分裂

Question 13

totipotent stem cell

Answer 13

the zygote, or fertilized egg, and gives rise to all cells of the human body. 全能干细胞

Question 14

pluripotent stem cell

Answer 14

gives rise to multiple types of cells of the body and some of the supporting fetal membranes. 多能干细胞

Question 15

mesenchymal cell

Answer 15

develops only into types of connective tissue, including fibrous connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and blood, but not epithelium, muscle, and nervous tissue. 间充质细胞

Question 16

hematopoietic stem cell, hemocytoblast

Answer 16

All of the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell. 造血干细胞

Question 17

lymphoid stem cell

Answer 17

give rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes, which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, all of which function in immunity. 淋巴干细胞

Question 18

myeloid stem cells

Answer 18

give rise to all the other formed elements: erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage

Question 19

blood doping

Answer 19

the practice of injecting by transfusion supplemental RBCs into an individual, typically to enhance performance in a sport. 血液兴奋剂

Question 20

polycythemia

Answer 20

an overproduction of RBCs produces a condition 红细胞增多症

Question 21

hypoxemia

Answer 21

hypoxemia, or low blood oxygen 低氧血症

Question 22

macrophage

Answer 22

a monocyte that has left the circulation and phagocytizes debris, foreign pathogens, worn-out erythrocytes, and many other dead, worn out, or damaged cells. 巨噬细胞

Question 23

microglia

Answer 23

小胶质细胞

Question 24

leukopenia

Answer 24

a condition in which too few leukocytes are produced 白细胞减少症

Question 25

lymphocyte

Answer 25

three major groups of lymphocytes include natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells 淋巴细胞

Question 26

thrombocytosis

Answer 26

a condition in which there are too many platelets, may trigger formation of unwanted blood clots (thrombosis) 血小板增多症

Question 27

thrombocytopenia

Answer 27

blood may not clot properly, and excessive bleeding may result. 血小板减少症

Question 28

vascular spasm

Answer 28

the smooth muscle in the walls of the vessel contracts dramatically. 血管痉挛

Question 29

coagulation

Answer 29

凝固

Question 30

hemophilia

Answer 30

血友病