16. Neurological exam

Question 1

detrimental

Answer 1

有害的

Question 2

unfathomably

Answer 2

Incomprehensible

Question 3

modality

Answer 3

a particular mode in which something exists or is experienced or expressed.

Question 4

paraplegia

Answer 4

the loss of muscle function in the lower half of the body, including both legs.

Question 5

contralateral

Answer 5

relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.. e,g, If someone has an injury affecting their right ankle, and they start compensating with their left leg, resulting in pain in their left ankle, 对侧的

Question 6

peduncle

Answer 6

a stalklike part by which an organ is attached to an animal’s body

Question 7

middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)

Answer 7

the major physical connection of the cerebellum to the brain stem

Question 8

vermis

Answer 8

(spinocerebellum) the constricted median lobe of the cerebellum that connects the two lateral lobes.

Question 9

flocculonodular lobe

Answer 9

(spinocerebellum) a lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the nodule and the flocculus 絮状结节叶

Question 10

gait

Answer 10

a person’s manner of walking

Question 11

lateral cerebellum

Answer 11

(cerebrocerebellum) reflecting the significant input from the cerebral cortex through the cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway.

Question 12

ataxia

Answer 12

presents as a loss of coordination in voluntary movements 共济失调

Question 13

sobriety

Answer 13

not affected by alcohol; not drunk 清醒

Question 14

serotonin

Answer 14

血清素

Question 15

oxytocin

Answer 15

催产素

Question 16

parathyroid

Answer 16

甲状旁腺

Question 17

interstitial

Answer 17

间质性

Question 18

pineal gland

Answer 18

receive and convey information about the current light-dark cycle from the environment via the production and secretion of melatonin cyclically at night (dark period) 松果体

Question 19

testes

Answer 19

睾丸

Question 20

autocrine

Answer 20

a chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it. 自分泌

Question 21

paracrine

Answer 21

a chemical that induces a response in neighboring cells 旁分泌

Question 22

peptide hormome

Answer 22

肽激素

Question 23

circadian rhythm

Answer 23

昼夜节律

Question 24

cytosol

Answer 24

细胞质

Question 25

osmolarity

Answer 25

渗透压

Question 26

infundibulum

Answer 26

(or pituitary stalk) connects the hypothalamic median eminence with the pituitary gland 漏斗部

Question 27

sella turcica

Answer 27

a bony depression in the sphenoid bone 蝶鞍

Question 28

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 28

stimulates the water reabsorption by kidneys 抗利尿激素

Question 29

permeability

Answer 29

渗透性

Question 30

calcitriol

Answer 30

stimulates increased absorption of dietary calcium by the intestines 骨化三醇

Question 31

adrenal cortex

Answer 31

a component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, secretes steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrolyte balance, and inflammation. 肾上腺皮质

Question 32

adrenal medulla

Answer 32

releases its hormones in response to acute, short-term stress mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). 肾上腺髓质

Question 33

postganglionic

Answer 33

The post-ganglionic neurons are directly responsible for changes in the activity of the target organ via biochemical modulation and neurotransmitter release

Question 34

sympathomedullary (SAM) pathway

Answer 34

involves the stimulation of the medulla by impulses from the hypothalamus via neurons from the thoracic spinal cord.

Question 35

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Answer 35

The body responds in different ways to short-term stress and long-term stress following a pattern 一般适应综合症

Question 36

alarm reaction

Answer 36

Stage one of GAS, a short-term stress, the fight-or-flight response, mediated by the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla via the SAM pathway.

Question 37

stage of resistance

Answer 37

If the stress is not soon relieved, the body adapts to the stress in the second stage called the stage of resistance

Question 38

stage of exhaustion

Answer 38

individuals may begin to suffer depression, the suppression of their immune response, severe fatigue, or even a fatal heart attack. These symptoms are mediated by the hormones of the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol, released as a result of signals from the HPA axis.

Question 39

cortisol

Answer 39

another role of cortisol—the downregulation of the immune system, which inhibits the inflammatory response. 皮质醇

Question 40

estrogen

Answer 40

雌激素

Question 41

androgen

Answer 41

雄激素

Question 42

testosterone

Answer 42

睾酮

Question 43

corticosteroid

Answer 43

皮质类固醇

Question 44

gonadal

Answer 44

性腺

Question 45

placenta

Answer 45

胎盘

Question 46

glucagon

Answer 46

胰高血糖素