23-11-21 - Introduction to Global Health

Question 1

What is global health?
what does it set as woldwide priorities?
what is SD?

Answer 1

• The international, transdisciplinary, and intersectoral research, knowledge, and policies for improving population health and health determinants on a planetary scale.
• It sets health equity, sustainable development, and efficiency as worldwide priorities; focuses on transregional health issues; and seeks to influence systemic causal pathways and policies.
• Sustainable development is development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Question 2

What is the: for public/ global/international
*	Geographical reach
*	Level of cooperation
*	Individuals or populations
*	Access to health
*	Range of disciplines 
*	Regarding global health

Answer 2

Here’s a simplified version of the table in clear, short bullet points:

Global Health
- Geographical Reach: Focuses on health issues that cross national borders.
- Cooperation: Solutions require global collaboration.
- Focus: Includes prevention in populations and individual clinical care.
- Access to Health: Aims for health equity across all nations and people.
- Disciplines: Highly multidisciplinary, involving health and non-health sciences.

International Health
- Geographical Reach: Focuses on health issues in other countries, especially low- and middle-income nations.
- Cooperation: Solutions require cooperation between two countries.
- Focus: Includes prevention in populations and individual clinical care.
- Access to Health: Aims to help people in other nations.
- Disciplines: Involves fewer disciplines, with less focus on multidisciplinarity.

Public Health
- Geographical Reach: Focuses on the health of a specific community or country.
- Cooperation: Solutions don’t usually require international collaboration.
- Focus: Mainly emphasizes prevention programs for populations.
- Access to Health: Aims for health equity within a community or nation.
- Disciplines: Encourages multidisciplinary approaches in health and social sciences.

Question 3

How is global burden of disease measured?
What is YLL?
What YLD?

Answer 3

• Global burden of disease is measured in Disability Adjusted-Life Years (DALYS)
• One DALY can be thought of as one lost year of health life
• DALY = Years of Life Lost (YLL) + Years Lost due to Disability (YLD)
• Years of Life Lost (YLL) = Mortality
• Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) = Morbidity (pathology)

Question 4

What do QALYs and DALYs use?

What is disability?

Answer 4

• QALYs and DALYs use a utility measure
• 1 = perfect health
• 0 = death
• Less than 0 = worse than death
• Disability is when you are not in perfect health, but not dead either (Utility = between 0 and 1)

Question 5

What are drivers of global health?

Answer 5

Question 6

What are 4 challenges of Global Health?

What are 3 benefits of global health?

Answer 6

• Challenges of global health:

1) Population growth fuels resource competition and food price rises
2) Already challenged infrastructures struggle to cope
3) Tribal and ethnic tensions may increase and violence may result
4) Devastating effects on specialist local communities may lead to exploitation

• Benefits of Global Health

1) Economic developments lift people out of poverty
2) Opportunities for education and participation
3) Usually results in improvements in health

Question 7

What are 5 motivations for global health policy?

Answer 7

Here’s a simplified and shorter explanation of the points:

1. As Foreign Policy
   
   • Countries use global health efforts to improve their reputation, gain political influence, and form alliances.
2. As Security
   
   • Health policies focus on protecting a country’s own population, especially from diseases that might spread from other countries.
   • Diseases in poorer countries only matter if they pose a threat to wealthier nations.
3. As Charity
   
   • Improving health is seen as a way to reduce poverty and help those in need.
4. As Investment
   
   • Health initiatives are viewed as a way to boost economic growth by having a healthier workforce.
5. As Public Health
   
   • Focus is on reducing global disease and addressing the biggest health problems worldwide.