08-11-21 - Use of Health Services Flashcards
What are the 6 different factors that affect utilisation of healthcare services?
1) Differences in symptom perception
2) Influence of prior experiences, lay referral (e.g family member says go to doctor)
3) Individual health beliefs and ideas held (HBM)
4) Cost-benefit evaluation of seeking medical attention
5) Social and emotional factors
6) Quality relationship with doctor
What are the 4 reasons contributing to an individual’s symptom perception?
Stregth
Tendency
Degree
Variety
1) Strength of underlying physical sensation
* Severity
* duration/frequency
* Familiarity
2) Tendency to pay intention to internal states * Familiarity of symptoms * How quickly symptoms are noticed * Number/intensity of symptoms * Difficulty in perceiving symptoms
3) Degree to which external stimuli competes for attention
* Work life
4) Variety of cognitive, social, emotional processes
* 2 Psychosocial influences:
* Cognition (way you think)
* Placebo (Using medication that is believed to work, but has no real effect, apart from psychological)
- Socio-cultural differences:
- Females less tolerant to painful stimulus
- Asian people report more symptoms with psychological basis than other cultures
- Greater amount of stress makes symptoms exaggerated
What are 2 things that can affect an individual’s interpretation and response to symptoms?
What is another factor that may impact the decision to seek medical treatment?
• Interpretation and response to symptoms can be influenced by:
1) Individuals’ prior experiences
2) Individuals experience based knowledge
• A lay referral may occur, where a family member or friend who is not a medical professional influence someone to either seek/not seek medical treatment
What are the 3 main components of the health belief model (HBM)?
What do these 3 factors influence?
What is an example of this model being used?
• 3 main components of health belief model:
1) Individual perceptions
2) Modifying factors
3) Likelihood of action
• These 3 factors all determine an individual’s perceived threat of disease, and therefore whether they will choose to utilise healthcare eservices or not
What are the 4 social factors influencing use of healthcare services?
1) Sex-role stereotypes:
• Sign of weakness?
• Wanting to ignore signs of disease in order to avoid creating a fuss
2) Environmental factors and access
• Distance from clinic/surgery
3) Family income
• Higher income – accesses healthcare more
• Lower income – less likely to seek preventative care, greater episodes of major illness, and greater chances of using ER
4) Sanctioning
• Social triggers
• From family or friends advising you to seek help
What are 7 emotional factors that affect the utilisation of healthcare services?
1) Emotional reaction to symptoms
2) Anxiety and fear driven by symptom perception
3) Fear of serious diagnosis
4) Expectation/fear of pain in investigation/treatment
5) Embarrassment e.g bladder control
6) Belief in treatment efficacy
7) Sense of control of events in one’s life
What are 6 factors of relationship with a doctor that affects the utilisation of healthcare services?
1) Negative experiences
2) Beliefs and attitudes of healthcare professionals
3) Trust
4) Confidentiality
5) Discrimination e.g minority groups
6) Communication skills
What is treatment delayed?
What are the 3 stags of treatment delay?
- Treatment delay is the time that elapses between 1st perception of symptom and when person enters the medical centre
- 3 stages of treatment delays:
1) Appraisal delay
• The time a person takes to interpret a symptom as an indication of illness
• The delay is the sensory experience of the symptom
2) Illness delay
• The time taken between recognising one is ill and deciding to seek medical attention
• The delay is in thoughts about the symptom
3) Utilisation delay
• The time taken after deciding to seek medical care until actually going in to use that health service
• The delay is in benefits and barriers
