2.2 Networking Hardware Flashcards
Routers
- routes traffic between IP subnets (network within a network)
- often connects LAN to WAN
- layer 3 device
- often connects diverse network types together (LAN, WAN, copper, fiber
Switch
- connects devices in a network
- forwards traffic based on data link address (MAC address)
- many ports and features
- core of an enterprise network
Unmanaged Switches
- very few configuration options
- no VLANS
- little integration with other devices: no management protocols, no SNMP capabilities
Managed switches
- layer 2 switch with configuration features
- VLAN support
- traffic prioritization
- redundancy support: STP prevents loops between switches
- port mirroring
- external management: SNMP capabilities
Access Point
- provides wireless connectivity for the local network (creates WLAN)
- “bridge”: extends a wired connection into a wireless connection
- makes forwarding decisions based on MAC address
- ex. a router with WiFi capabilities
Central Wiring Closet
- main infrastructure of a network
- all devices are connected to its patch panel
- other side of the patch panel may have other connectors which then connect to interfaces on a switch
Patch Panels
- combination of punch-down blocks and RJ-45 connectors
- cables are permanently punched down to a patch panel
- cables going to the switches can be unplugged when a change needs to be made
Firewalls
- filters traffic by IP address and port number
- for security purposes
- OSI layer 4
- can encrypt traffic into/out of the network
- can proxy traffic
- most firewalls can also be a layer 3 device (router)
PoE
Power Over Ethernet
- one cable provides both network connection and power
- injector supplies power to PoE cabling
- endspan: power provided at the switch
- midspan: in-line power injector when the switch doesn’t support PoE
PoE Switch
- Commonly marked on the switch or interfaces
- blue color over the ports = supports PoE
PoE: IEEE 802.3af
15.4 watts DC power, 350 mA max current
PoE+: IEEE 802.3at
25.5 watts DC power, 600 mA max current
PoE++: IEEE 802.3bt
Type 3: 51 watts, 600 mA max current
Type 4: 71.3 watts, 960 mA
10GBASE-T
aka 4PPoE
Hub
- commonly used to connect devices on a network before switches
- multi-port repeater: traffic going into one port is repeated to every other port
- half-duplex: data can only be sent in one direction at a time
- less efficient as traffic increases
- 10 megabit/ 100 megabit
Cable modem
- broadband communication: transmission across multiple frequencies (television signal, internet data, phone lines)
- DOCSIS: Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
- speeds up to 1 Gbit/s
- coaxial cable
- shared bandwidth
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
- internet through a telephone company
- ADSL: asymmetric because download speed is faster than upload speed; faster speed and handles more data at once
- copper cabling
- dedicated bandwidth
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
- connection to fiber network
- connects ISP fiber network to the copper network
- demarcation point in a data center or outside a home
Network Interface Card (NIC)
- used to connect to a copper ethernet connection
- every device on the network has a NIC inside of them (ex. computer, servers, printers, routers)
- specific to network type (ethernet, WAN, wireless)
- often built into the motherboard, sometimes an expansion card
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
Architecture designed to make a network more flexible and easier to manage. It splits networking devices into different functional planes of operation
3 Layers:
1. Infrastructure/ data plane
- process the network frames and packets
- forwarding, trunking, encrypting, NAT
2. Control/ control plane
- manages the actions of the data plane
- routing tables, sessions tables, NAT tables
- dynamic routing protocol updates
3. Application layer/ management plane
- configure and manage the device
- SSH, browser, API
- ex. intrusion detection, firewall, and load balancing
