2.2 Learning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
we are conditioned to do have a response to a certain stimulus
Pavlov
rings bell, feeds dog, dog conditioned to salivate when it hears the bell noise
Unconditional Stimulus
Natural stimulus to Unconditioned Response. Food.
Unconditioned Response
Natural response to Unconditional Stimulus. Salivate to food
Conditioned Stimulus
Unnatural stimulus to Unconditioned Response. Bell.
Conditioned Response
Unnatural response to Unnatural Stimulus. Salivate to bell.
Principles of Classical Conditioning
Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Higher Order Conditioning, Stimulus Generalization, Stimulus Discrimination.
Extinction
disappearance of conditional response from conditional stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of conditioned response in the presence of the conditioned stimulus after its apparent extinction. Usually goes back to extinction, but sometimes flares up.
Higher Order Conditioning
When a new neutral stimulus is conditioned to an already existing conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to conditional stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination
responds to conditioned stimulus, not ones that are similar.
Little Albert
Watson. Shows “Little Albert” a little white rat, bangs gong, Little Albert is now scared of little fuzzy white things.
Phobias
Classical conditioning can be used to help people overcome phobias
Task Aversion
when a bad thing happens to someone while doing an unrelated task, they can develop a dislike to that thing (food + getting sick)
Operant Conditioning
Skinner. Response is more or less likely to occur in the future depending on its consequences.
Reinforcement
Makes the behavior more likely to occur in the future.
Punishment
Makes the behavior less likely to occur in the future.
Positive Reinforcement
A given thing makes a behavior more likely. Candy
Negative Reinforcement
A taken thing makes a behavior more likely. Car beeping
Positive Punishment
A given thing makes a behavior less likely. Spank
Negative Punishment
A taken thing makes a behavior less likely.
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforce behavior every time it occurs. Best for teaching someone to master a new behavior. Very prone to extinction.
Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement
sometimes reinforced. Longer to learn, harder to go extinct.
Fixed Ratio
Reinforcement happens after a set number of times
Variable Ratio
Reinforced after average number of responses
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time and behavior. Patient only does behavior when the time is almost done.
Variable Interval
Average time interval.
Shaping
Success of approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
Observational Learning
Bandera. People tend to do things they see others do
Bobo Doll Experiment
Baby watches student beat up doll, does the same when given the chance.
