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MOHD 4.2 > 21 - Viral Pathogenesis and Host Immune Defense (Stapleton) > Flashcards

21 - Viral Pathogenesis and Host Immune Defense (Stapleton) Flashcards

1
Q

viremia

A

virus circulating in the blood

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2
Q

killing of cells by viruses

A

direct

indirect-host immune response kills infected cells

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3
Q

viral infection cellular outcomes

A

noncytolytic infection
cytolytic infection
transformation
abortive infection

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4
Q

noncytolytic viral infection

A

active replication, little effect on cell physiology

viral latency

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5
Q

cytolytic viral infection

A

apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy
altered cell morphology (inclusion bodies, syncytium formation)
altered cell physiology

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6
Q

abortive viral infection

A

entry of virus into cell that cannot support viral replication

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7
Q

transformation infection

A

causes cancer

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8
Q

DNA transformation cancer

A

HPV-cervical cancer
Herpes virus-burkitt’s lymphoma, HHV8
HBV-liver cancer, chronic inflammation

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9
Q

RNA transformation cancer

A

retrovirus-HIV

HCV-HCC

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10
Q

direct cancer formation from viruses

A

latent infection cause short lived cells to prolong life

disrupt host cell gene infection

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11
Q

indirect cancer formation from viruses

A

replication causes chronic inflammation
chronic inflammation causes neoplaisa
reduced immune function, and lower immune surveillance

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12
Q

detection of virus

A 
not visible by light microscopy
exclude bacteria, supportive care
tissue, swab, blood, or exudates
detect virus in cell culture
viral antibody detection
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13
Q

molecular detection of viruses

A

DNA-PCR

RNA-RT-PCR

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14
Q

early symptoms of viral infection suggest

A

direct viral cytotoxicity

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15
Q

late symptoms of viral infection suggest

A

disease mediated by immune response

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16
Q

outbreak

A

community

17
Q

epidemic

A

region

18
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide

19
Q

iceberg concept

A

most exposure to virus does not result in disease

severe disease and death are rare

20
Q

innate immune response

A

first line of defense
innate immune cells recognize pathogen recognition receptor
phagocytic cells ingest and produce cytokines/chemokines
APC process antigen into peptides
peptides start effector cells to detect problem with infected cells

21
Q

PRR bind what

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

22
Q

RIG I

A

bind dsRNA

turn on interferon genes

23
Q

steps to control viral infection

A 
1-PRR recognize virus
2-PRR increase IFN a and b
3-cells release IFN that bind IFNa receptors
4- increase IFN stimulated genes
5-ISG inhibit replication cycle
6-IFN block virus replication
24
Q

NK cells

A

identify cell surface changes and kill cells

25
Q

monocytes/macrophages

A

phagocytose dying cells

remove infected cells

26
Q

Type 2 IFN

A

IFN-y
important in adaptive immune response
made my NK and T cells
stimulates production of effector and memory T cells

27
Q

adaptive immunity uses

A

CD4 and CD8 T cells

28
Q

CD4 T cells

A 
antigen specific response
CD4T helper
control intracellular pathogens
respond to MHC class 2
produce lymphokines, cytokines, and chemokines to stimulate B and CD8 response
29
Q

CD8 T cells

A 
cytotoxic
recognize peptides on MHC class 1
kill cells with Fas pathway and perforin
produce cytokines
clear most viral infections with CD8
30
Q

acquired immune defense

A

IgM, A, G, E
neutralization
opsonization
cell lysis

31
Q

memory cells

A

antigen specific
long lived
rapidly expand with reinfection

32
Q

memory CD8

A

kill infected cells

33
Q

memory b cells

A

produce antibodies

34
Q

which antibody comes first

A

IgM then IgG

35
Q

viral evasion mechanisms

A

elude immune detection
damage immune system
viral counter defenses

36
Q

ways virus elude immune detection

A 
antigen variation
restrict gene expression
reduce MHC cell surface expression
infect anatomic sites poorly accessible to immune system
establish immunologic tolerance
37
Q

ways virus damages immune system

A

damage 1+ arm of immune system

immune suppression

38
Q

viral counter defenses

A

reduce activation
express proteins that block IFN or complement
cytokine release favoring spread
cytokine that block immune response

MOHD 4.2 (13 decks)

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