21 Neural Development

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of neural development?

Answer 1

Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation

Question 2

What are the two zones involved in the proliferation stage of neural development?

Answer 2

Marginal & Ventricular zones

Question 3

Scaffolds are formed by A._____ cells where daughter cells are B._____ providing a trail for migrating neurons to follow

Answer 3

A: radial glial cellsB: neuroblast

Question 4

Neuroblasts migrate down the scaffold, fill in and become the cortical layers in the mature cortex. True or False

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Dyslexia is associated with developmental abnormalities due to the damage in which layer? A. Subplate, B. Layer VI, C. cortical plate, D. Marginal zone

Answer 5

D. Marginal zone

Question 6

What type of abnormalities would you find in a patients cerebellum?

Answer 6

Gapping where part of the vermis should be

Question 7

During differentiation, how many months until folds and fissures are visible?

Answer 7

9 Months

Question 8

In which layer do amacrine cells form connections with other cells during prenatal retinal development>

Answer 8

IPL - inner plexiform layer

Question 9

During postnatal retinal development, what two cell types build the foundation for the functional circuit?

Answer 9

Ganglion Cells and Amicrine Cells

Question 10

On day 7 of postnatal retinal development, ___ are the last cells to form connecting the IPL and OPL.

Answer 10

Bipolar Cells

Question 11

What are the three phase of ocular pathway formation?

Answer 11

1) The Axon chooses the right pathway (ipso-lateral or contra-lateral)2) Axon choose the right structure to attach3) Axon choose the right structure to synapse with

Question 12

In chemo-attraction and repulsion, ipso-lateral is guided by Slit and contra-lateral is guided by Netrin. True or False.

Answer 12

False, Ipso-lateral is guided by Netrin and contra-lateral is guided by Slit.

Question 13

Neurons from the nasal retina go to the posterior part of tectum, and neurons from the temporal retina go to the anterior part of tectum. True or False.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Neurons from both nasal and temporal retina grow equally well in membranes from anterior and posterior retina. True or False.

Answer 14

False, neurons from nasal retina grow equally well, but neurons from temporal retina only grow on membranes from anterior retina.

Question 15

During the selective cell death, what determines the survival of input cells.

Answer 15

The competition for trophic factor determines the survival of input cells, and only those with good functional connection survive.

Question 16

What is the role of BDNF during the axonal branching development?

Answer 16

It helps to stimulate one new branch of dendrite connection.

Question 17

Plasticity at ______ helps neuron connection more specific.

Answer 17

Hebb synapses

Question 18

During the monocular deprivation, after opening the closed eye, the corresponding neurons will be fully recovered. True or False?

Answer 18

False, they won’t be recovered very well.

Question 19

If you break the connections from the basal forebrain complex to the cortex, it doesn’t affect the growth pattern. It depends on the neural transmitters from other parts of the brain.

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

Why does strabismus reduce binocularity?

Answer 20

Because signals are not coordinitated between two eyes

Question 21

When does the density synapses reach the peak in human cortex? A. at birth, B. puberty, C. 30 D. 40

Answer 21

A. 6 months after birth

Question 22

With age, synapses (increase/decrease), grey matter becomes (thicker or thinner).

Answer 22

Decrease, thicker

Question 23

What type/types of growth pattern causes cortical thickness changes in brain? A.cubic, B.quadratic, C.linear, D.all of them above

Answer 23

D. all of them above

Question 24

The brain is growing and changing over time. True or False

Answer 24

True

Question 25

During postnatal retinal development, the horizontal and plexiform cells start to mature and form a circuit on: A. Day 1, B. Day 5, C. Day 7

Answer 25

B. Day 5