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Vision Science I > 05 Action Potential, synapses & transmitters > Flashcards

05 Action Potential, synapses & transmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

031: What is the main difference between Ionotropic receptors and Metabotropic receptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors have a cascade of events that take time to build up but they are going to be more wide spread and last a lot longer.

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2
Q

032: What is a SSRI?

A

An antidepressant that helps prolong the synapse of serotonins.

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3
Q

033: _____ is an antagonist that binds to acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle and paralyzes them so that they can’t contract.

A

Curare

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4
Q

034: _____ means there is a little packet of neurotransmitters containing 10,000 molecules that get released from the synaptic vesicle.

A

Quanta

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5
Q

035: What happens when you have a large burst of action potential?

A

You will begin to release a lot of packets of neurotransmitters and you will see that the depolarization effects of that neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic cell will linger for a longer period of time.

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6
Q

037: _____ have a particularly good effect at shunting and keeping the cell from getting too over excited.

A

IPSP

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7
Q

038: T/F G-protein second messenger signals are fast and cannot be amplified.

A

False. They are slow but get amplified.

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8
Q

039: Transmitter signals can _____ and _____.

A

converge, diverge

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9
Q

033: What is an example of a receptor agonist?

A

Nicotine

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10
Q

021: T/F Gap Junctions are selective and allow ions to pass between cells directly.

A

False. Gap Junctions do allow ions to pass between cells directly, but they are NOT considered to be selective because they are big enough that virtually any ion can pass through.

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11
Q

021: T/F Gap Junctions are found mostly in sensory and motor neurons, but are relatively rare in adult neurons.

A

True

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12
Q

022: Most communication in your brain occurs via ________?

A

Synapses

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13
Q

022: The gap between the pre and post synaptic cells is known as the ___________ and is how many nanometers wide?

A

Synaptic Cleft, 15-20 nanometers wide.

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14
Q

022: What is the difference between synaptic vesicles and granules?

A

Synaptic vesicles contain NEUROTRANSMITTERS, while granules contain PEPTIDES.

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15
Q

022: T/F Neurotransmitters can be inhibitory or excitatory.

A

True

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16
Q

023: Asymmetrical synapses are also known as Type ___ synapses.

A

Type I

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17
Q

023: Most synapses on the cell body (soma) are _________, keeping the cell from becoming too depolarized and preventing it from firing all of the time.

A

Inhibitory

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18
Q

024: What are synapses in the peripheral nervous system called?

A

Neuromuscular Junctions (NMJ)

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19
Q

025: Dendritic _______ compartmentalize signals, improve communication between cells and become the site of the synapse.

A

Spines

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20
Q

025: T/F Dendritic spines can grow within a matter of seconds to minutes, and can come and go.

A

True

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21
Q

026: A ________ is a molecule that can bind to a neurotransmitter receptor, but itself is not a neurotransmitter. Opiates are an example of this.

A

Ligand

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22
Q

026: What are the three major categories of neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acids, Amines, and Peptides.

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23
Q

026: Acetylcholine (Ach), Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine are classified under which category of neurotransmitter?

A

Amines. (These were the first neurotransmitters to be discovered!)

24
Q

027: Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

25
Q

029: T/F Autoreceptors are on the presynaptic cell and shut down the release of neurotransmitters.

A

True

26
Q

028: The process in which neurotransmitters are released is called ________, while the refilling of the vesicle is called ________.

A

Exocytosis, Endocytosis

27
Q

028: What are Lewy Bodies?

A

Abnormal aggregates of protein (plaques) that are commonly associated with dementia and Parkinson’s Disease.

28
Q

029: T/F Autoreceptors are on the Presynaptic cell and shut down the release of neurotransmitters.

A

True

29
Q

030: ________ receptors open ion channels and are not very selective.

A

Ionotropic

30
Q

002: What are action potentials?

A

Action potentials are a rapid reversal of a neuron’s membrane potential.

31
Q

002: Inside of the cell is more _____________ relative to the outside of the cell.

A

Hyperpolarized.

32
Q

002: Where do action potentials occur?

A

In axons, right at the axon hillock.

33
Q

002: How long does it take for a cell to depolarize?

A

1-2 msec.

34
Q

002: What are some ways in which an action potential can be triggered?

A

Buildup of currents, stretch receptor can trigger an action potential, changes in temperature, etc.

35
Q

002: What period is responsible for the action potential moving in one direction?

A

Refractory period.

36
Q

003: What channel initiates the action potential?

A

Electrically gated sodium ion channel.

37
Q

003: Membrane potential must increase above a __________ to cause an action potential.

A

Threshold.

38
Q

004: What carries the code for a cell to depolarize a particular size during an action potential?

A

The firing rate, or firing frequency.

39
Q

005: What two channels are most predominant in the action potential?

A

The sodium and potassium channels.

40
Q

006: During resting state, membrane potentials is about ____.

A

-70 mV.

41
Q

006: During resting state, K channels are _______, Na channels are ________.

A

Open, closed.

42
Q

007: During depolarization, K channels are _______, Na channels are ________.

A

Open, open.

43
Q

007: What depolarizes the cell and in what direction?

A

Sodium, moving inside the cell.

44
Q

008: During repolarization, K channels are _______, Na channels are ________.

A

Open, closed.

45
Q

008: What repolarizes the cell and in what direction?

A

Potassium, moving outside the cell.

46
Q

009: T/F: Sodium balance restores resting potential.

A

False, potassium.

47
Q

010: What is the difference between the potassium equilibrium and sodium equilibrium?

A

Sodium equilibrium: changes rapidly, initiates action potential, conductance changes very quickly, and closing very quickly.

Potassium equilibrium: trials behind sodium equilibrium by a msec, responds more slowly, gradually helps to return to balance.

48
Q

011: How long do voltage-gated Na+ channels remain open?

A

About 1 millisecond (ms) because the globule quickly blocks the pore and causes it to last this long.

49
Q

012: Voltage-gated Na+ channels respond slower than K+ channels. T/F?

A

FALSE, Voltage-Gated K+ channels respond slower because they have to wait until a structural change occurs in the channel.

50
Q

013: During the refractory period, what two events take place?

A

BOTH Na+ and K+ channels stay closed and the Na+/K+ pump helps restore balance.

51
Q

014: Neurons use the redistribution to convey information. T/F?

A

TRUE because changes in depolarization causes the current to spread toward the soma and eventually, the axon hillock.

52
Q

015: How fast can an action potential travel?

A

Average of 10 meters per second (varies with diameter of axon).

53
Q

016: Myelinated fiber tracts conduct ______________ signals.

A

Faster.

54
Q

017: At the Nodes of Ranvier, there are __________.

A

Channels that open and close.

55
Q

018: __________ cells send out a consistent high frequency burst while _____________ cells start with a burst and settle into a rhythmic pattern.

A

Stellate, Parametal.

56
Q

020: Otto Loewi showed what with his experiment on frog hearts?

A

That synaptic transmission was causing the release of something from the vagus nerve and in that solution was the chemical (Acetylcholine) causing the heart to slow down.

Vision Science I (26 decks)

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