2.1- Motor Control, Learning & Development

Question 0

What 4 things give us the ability to maintain and change posture and movement?

Answer 0

1. Happens in fractions of seconds
2. largely a result of development and maturation of the neuromotor systems
3. nervous system directs what muscles to use, in what order and how quickly
4. sensory feedback is key

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

Ability to maintain and change posture and movement

Question 2

What is key when it comes to motor control?

Answer 2

sensory feedback

Question 3

Motor ________ change over time so motor _________ must also change

Answer 3

abilities, solutions

Question 4

What are the 3 Motor Control Theories?

Answer 4

1. Hierachic Theory
2. Systems Model
3. Nasher’s Model

Question 5

As the brain matures, it begins to control posture and movement previously dominated by the primitive reflexes. Initial random movements are followed by maintenance of posture (stability), movement within posture (controlled mobility), and movement from one posture to another (skill). What theory is this?

Answer 5

Hierarchic Theory

Question 6

True/False: Postural control develops cephalocaudal?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is postural control?

Answer 7

The ability to maintain alignment of the body and is maintained through righting, protective or equilibrium reactions.

Question 8

What is righting reactions?

Answer 8

The ability to orient the head to keep eyes horizontal in relation to the ground.

Question 9

What 2 things are associated with the righting reactions?

Answer 9

1. Optical righting reaction

2. Labyrinthine righting reaction

Question 10

What righting reaction is cued by vision

Answer 10

Optical righting reaction

Question 11

What righting reaction is cued by gravity?

Answer 11

Labyinthine righting reaction

Question 12

Extremity movements that occur in response to rapid displacement of the body is?

Answer 12

Protective reactions

Question 13

___________ are extended to prepare for fall

Answer 13

extremities

Question 14

What is most advanced and last to develop, allows the body to adapt to slow changes in relation of center of gravity to the base of support?

Answer 14

Equilibrum reaction

Question 15

______ rotates or bends back towards the base of support

Answer 15

trunk

Question 16

During a protective reaction, what has to extend to prepare for a fall?

Answer 16

extremities

Question 17

During an equilibrium reaction, what has to bend or rotate towards the base of support?

Answer 17

trunk

Question 18

What theory states the brain and spinal centers work together with many systems of the body to develop motor control?

Answer 18

Systems Model

Question 19

Systems Model

As body systems grow and mature the speed of nervous system responses _______ by producing different _______ responses.

Answer 19

increase, motor

Question 20

What is the basic functional unit?

Answer 20

motor pattern (rolling, creeping, walking)

Question 21

What is the relationship between posture and movement?

Answer 21

postural control

Question 22

What is necessary to execute a motor plan?

Answer 22

proper postural positioning

Question 23

What theory is based on sway strategies?

Answer 23

Nasher’s Model

Question 24

Nasher's Model has what 3 sway strategies?

Answer 24

1. Ankle 2. Hip 3. Stepping

Question 25

What is the Ankle Strategy?

Answer 25

Movement at the ankle's maintains quiet standing on a firm surface

Question 26

What is the hip strategy?

Answer 26

activated when BOS is narrower, muscles around the hip activate proximal to distal

Question 27

What is stepping strategy?

Answer 27

if speed and strengh of balance disturbance is great enough, take a step

Question 28

Without proper _______ __________, motor development can't proceed normally.

Answer 28

motor control

Question 29

True/False: | Motor development can proceed normally without motor control?

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Process that causes a permanent change in motor performance as a result of practice or expertise?

Answer 30

Motor learning

Question 31

Many ________ motor patterns such as running and throwing are learned in ________

Answer 31

fundamental, childhood

Question 32

What are the 3 phases of learning?

Answer 32

1. Cognitive 2. Associative 3. Autonomous

Question 33

This phase requires a lot of new conscious thought with new tasks. Children or adults with cognitive or processing deficits have problems in this stage. What stage am I?

Answer 33

Cognitive Phase

Question 34

Learning takes place through trial and error, sensory feed back is crucial and must practive in a variety of settings...what stage am I?

Answer 34

Associative Phase

Question 35

Task is mastered, it can be conducted and carried out with less attention, what phase am I?

Answer 35

Autonomous Phase

Question 36

True/False: The more closely the practice enviornment resembles the actual environment, the skill will be done in, the better the transfer of learning?

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is Whole part training?

Answer 37

If parts are truly subunits of the task, then working on them individually does enhance learing of the whole task. If parts are not specific to the task, breaking into parts may not help in learning the task as a whole

Question 38

True/False: Parts not subunits of the task may not help learning the task as a whole?

Answer 38

True

Question 39

_______ _________ is an essential part of motor development?

Answer 39

motor learning

Question 40

What is the Lifespan Approach when it comes to motor development? 3 things.

Answer 40

1. Development can occur in positive direction, infant able to do more as they get older 2. Development can occur in negative direction, speed and accuracy of movement declines after maturity 3. Continuous process is not linear (ups and downs throughout lifespan)

Question 41

What are the 2 Development Concepts?

Answer 41

1. Epigenesis | 2. Directional

Question 42

What is the Epigenesis Concept?

Answer 42

Develop from simple to complex - generally develop gross motor before fine, but may be working on more that 1 task at a time at various stages of skill - 1 skill does not need to be perfect before starting the next, and some may be skipped

Question 43

True/False: During the Epigensis stage, one skill needs to be developed before another skill can begin.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

What are the elements to Directional Concepts?

Answer 44

1. Cephalic to Caudal-head control develops before trunk UE before LE 2. Proximal to distal-stable base of trunk must develop before movement is superimposed 3. Mass to specific-simple movement to complex movement 4. Gross to fine-large muscle movement to smaller fine control

Question 45

What control must develop before trunk with the Directional Concepts

Answer 45

head

Question 46

Stable base of ______ must develop before movement is superimposed

Answer 46

trunk

Question 47

______ movement to _______ movement

Answer 47

simple, complex

Question 48

Large______ movement to smaller ______ control

Answer 48

muscle, fine