2.1- Motor Control, Learning & Development Flashcards
What 4 things give us the ability to maintain and change posture and movement?
- Happens in fractions of seconds
- largely a result of development and maturation of the neuromotor systems
- nervous system directs what muscles to use, in what order and how quickly
- sensory feedback is key
What is motor control?
Ability to maintain and change posture and movement
What is key when it comes to motor control?
sensory feedback
Motor ________ change over time so motor _________ must also change
abilities, solutions
What are the 3 Motor Control Theories?
- Hierachic Theory
- Systems Model
- Nasher’s Model
As the brain matures, it begins to control posture and movement previously dominated by the primitive reflexes. Initial random movements are followed by maintenance of posture (stability), movement within posture (controlled mobility), and movement from one posture to another (skill). What theory is this?
Hierarchic Theory
True/False: Postural control develops cephalocaudal?
True
What is postural control?
The ability to maintain alignment of the body and is maintained through righting, protective or equilibrium reactions.
What is righting reactions?
The ability to orient the head to keep eyes horizontal in relation to the ground.
What 2 things are associated with the righting reactions?
- Optical righting reaction
2. Labyrinthine righting reaction
What righting reaction is cued by vision
Optical righting reaction
What righting reaction is cued by gravity?
Labyinthine righting reaction
Extremity movements that occur in response to rapid displacement of the body is?
Protective reactions
___________ are extended to prepare for fall
extremities
What is most advanced and last to develop, allows the body to adapt to slow changes in relation of center of gravity to the base of support?
Equilibrum reaction
______ rotates or bends back towards the base of support
trunk
During a protective reaction, what has to extend to prepare for a fall?
extremities
During an equilibrium reaction, what has to bend or rotate towards the base of support?
trunk
What theory states the brain and spinal centers work together with many systems of the body to develop motor control?
Systems Model
Systems Model
As body systems grow and mature the speed of nervous system responses _______ by producing different _______ responses.
increase, motor
What is the basic functional unit?
motor pattern (rolling, creeping, walking)
What is the relationship between posture and movement?
postural control
What is necessary to execute a motor plan?
proper postural positioning
What theory is based on sway strategies?
Nasher’s Model
Nasher’s Model has what 3 sway strategies?
- Ankle
- Hip
- Stepping
What is the Ankle Strategy?
Movement at the ankle’s maintains quiet standing on a firm surface
What is the hip strategy?
activated when BOS is narrower, muscles around the hip activate proximal to distal
What is stepping strategy?
if speed and strengh of balance disturbance is great enough, take a step
Without proper _______ __________, motor development can’t proceed normally.
motor control
True/False:
Motor development can proceed normally without motor control?
False
Process that causes a permanent change in motor performance as a result of practice or expertise?
Motor learning
Many ________ motor patterns such as running and throwing are learned in ________
fundamental, childhood
What are the 3 phases of learning?
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
This phase requires a lot of new conscious thought with new tasks. Children or adults with cognitive or processing deficits have problems in this stage. What stage am I?
Cognitive Phase
Learning takes place through trial and error, sensory feed back is crucial and must practive in a variety of settings…what stage am I?
Associative Phase
Task is mastered, it can be conducted and carried out with less attention, what phase am I?
Autonomous Phase
True/False:
The more closely the practice enviornment resembles the actual environment, the skill will be done in, the better the transfer of learning?
True
What is Whole part training?
If parts are truly subunits of the task, then working on them individually does enhance learing of the whole task. If parts are not specific to the task, breaking into parts may not help in learning the task as a whole
True/False:
Parts not subunits of the task may not help learning the task as a whole?
True
_______ _________ is an essential part of motor development?
motor learning
What is the Lifespan Approach when it comes to motor development? 3 things.
- Development can occur in positive direction, infant able to do more as they get older
- Development can occur in negative direction, speed and accuracy of movement declines after maturity
- Continuous process is not linear (ups and downs throughout lifespan)
What are the 2 Development Concepts?
- Epigenesis
2. Directional
What is the Epigenesis Concept?
Develop from simple to complex
- generally develop gross motor before fine, but may be working on more that 1 task at a time at various stages of skill
- 1 skill does not need to be perfect before starting the next, and some may be skipped
True/False:
During the Epigensis stage, one skill needs to be developed before another skill can begin.
False
What are the elements to Directional Concepts?
- Cephalic to Caudal-head control develops before trunk UE before LE
- Proximal to distal-stable base of trunk must develop before movement is superimposed
- Mass to specific-simple movement to complex movement
- Gross to fine-large muscle movement to smaller fine control
What control must develop before trunk with the Directional Concepts
head
Stable base of ______ must develop before movement is superimposed
trunk
______ movement to _______ movement
simple, complex
Large______ movement to smaller ______ control
muscle, fine
