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Neuro > 1.3- Anatomy of the Cerebrum > Flashcards

1.3- Anatomy of the Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brain Stem

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2
Q

True or False: If laid flat, the brain neurons would fit into cranium.

A

False. If laid flat, the neurons would cover approx. 1 sq meter (size of opened up newspaper).

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3
Q

At what age of development does the brain begin to gather forming an irregular surface?

A

6 weeks

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4
Q
  1. ________ - depression

2. ________ - ridge

A
  1. Sulcrus- depression

2. Gyrus- ridge

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5
Q

What is the brain covered in ridges (gyri) and depressions (sulci)?

A

Allows a large surface area to be compacted into a small space (cranium)

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6
Q

The cerebrum is divided into 2 hemispheres. What hemisphere is the analytical side? The artistic side?

A

Left hemisphere- analytical side (science & math)

Right hemisphere- artistic side (creativity)

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7
Q

What is the term for the other surface later of the cerebrum composed of gray matter?

A

Cerebral cortex

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8
Q

What term describes the cell bodies and synapses of the neurons?

A

Gray matter

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9
Q

What term makes up most of the inner surface of the cerebrum?

A

White matter

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10
Q

What part of the cerebrum processes and integrates info?

A

Gray Matter

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11
Q

What part of the cerebrum is composed of axonal tracts?

A

White matter

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12
Q

Why is white matter the color white?

A

because of the myelin

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13
Q

What part of the cerebrum transmits information?

A

White matter

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14
Q

What are the dark areas within the white matter deep in the cerebrum?

A

Deep nuclear areas

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the deep nuclear areas?

A

made of groups of cells dedicated to similar/special functions

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16
Q

List the composition layers of the cerebrum from the outer layer towards the inner layer.

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (composed of gray matter)
  2. White matter (composed of axonal tracts)
  3. Deep nuclear areas (dedicated to similar functions)
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17
Q

What is the purpose of gray matter? white matter?

A

Gray matter- processes and integrates info

White matter- transmits info

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18
Q

What divides the hemispheres into right and left halves?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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19
Q

What runs horizontally, divides the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

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20
Q

What is not as deep as a fissure, divides Frontal from the Parietal lobe?

A

Central Sulcus

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21
Q

What connects the hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Corpus Collosum

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22
Q

What is a group of axons that transmits info? What is another name for this?

A

Fibers

Tracts

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23
Q

What are axons running from cortex down out of hemisphere into the SC?

A

Projection fibers

leave via spinal cord…out of brain to periphery

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24
Q

What runs from 1 hemisphere to the other through the corpus collosum and helps the hemispheres communicate?

A

Commissural fibers

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25
Q

What stays in hemisphere for origin, connecting one lobe to another?

A

Association fibers

never leaves assigned hemisphere…helps w/ communication in that hemisphere

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26
Q

Where do projection fibers run?

A

from cortex down out of hemisphere into the SC

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27
Q

Where do commissural fibers run?

A

from 1 hemisphere to the other through the corpus collosum

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28
Q

Where do association fibers run?

A

in hemisphere of origin

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29
Q

What type of fibers help the hemispheres communicate?

A

commissural fibers

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30
Q

Where are they located???

  1. Longitudinal fissure-
  2. Lateral (sylvian) fissure-
  3. Central sulcus-
  4. Gray matter-
  5. White matter-
A
  1. Longitudinal fissure- divides left and right hemispheres
  2. Lateral fissure- runs horizontally, divides the temporal lobe
  3. Central sulcus- divides frontal from parietal lobe
  4. Gray matter- outer surface layer of cerebrum
  5. White matter- inner surface of cerebrum
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31
Q

What does the Corpus Collosum do?

A

connects the hemispheres are the cerebrum

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32
Q

How many ventricles in the brain?

A

4 (2 lateral, third, fourth)

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33
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

an opening in the brain

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34
Q

What are the 3 horns of the lateral ventricle?

A

anterior horn, posterior horn, inferior horn

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35
Q

What ventricle horn is located in the frontal lobe?

A

Anterior horn

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36
Q

What ventricle horn is located in the temporal lobe?

A

Inferior horn

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37
Q

What ventricle horn is located in the occipital lobe?

A

Posterior horn

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38
Q

What is their lobe location???

  1. Posterior horn-
  2. Inferior horn-
  3. Anterior horn-
A
  1. Posterior horn- occipital lobe
  2. Inferior horn- temporal lobe
  3. Anterior horn- frontal lobe
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39
Q

The Foramen of Monro connects ___________.

A

connects the lateral ventricle to third ventricle

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40
Q

What lines the inner surface of the lateral ventricles (and to a lesser degree, the third and fourth ventricles)?

A

Choroid Plexius

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41
Q

What connects the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?

A

Foramen of Monro

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42
Q

What does the Choroid Plexius produce?

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

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43
Q

Where is Cerebral Spinal Fluid produced?

A

Choroid Plexius (inner surface of the lateral ventricles)

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44
Q

What 3 things does the CSF do?

A
  1. provides protection to the neurons from pressure
  2. delivers some nutrients from the blood
  3. produces 1mL/min
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45
Q

What provides protection to the neurons from pressure?

A

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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46
Q

What delivers some nutrients from the blood?

A

CSF

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47
Q

What is the very thin area formed where the 2 halves of the cerebrum come together (1 only)?

A

Third Ventricle

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48
Q

What connects the third ventricle to the fourth?

A

Cerebral Aquaduct

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49
Q

The cerebral aquaduct connects ________

A

the third ventricle to the fourth

50
Q

The third ventricle is a _________.

A

very thin area formed where the 2 halves of the cerebrum come together.

51
Q

What is???
Lateral ventricle -> third ventricle -> cerebral aquaduct -> fourth ventricle -> body via spinal cord -> return to cranial area -> arachnoid villi -> released by 1-way valves in sinus to circulatory system

A

general idea of the flow of the cerebral spinal fluid

52
Q

What are meninges?

A

coverings of brain and spinal cord

53
Q

What are the names of the meninges in orders from outer layer to inner layer?

A

Dura Mater -> Arachnoid -> Pia Mater

54
Q

_________ means “tough mother”

A

Dura Mater

55
Q

_______ means “spiderlike” - very delicate

A

Arachnoid

56
Q

This is very thick and fibrous, usually 2 layers but because it is connected by many fibers usually can’t separate

A

Dura Mater

57
Q

In areas around the sutures of the skull, the dura mater separates into
1.
2.

A
  1. Periostial layer

2. Visceral layer

58
Q

Where are you most likely to see the 2 layers of Dura Mater?

A

around the sutures of the skull

59
Q

Where is the periosteal layer of dura mater?

A

follows cranium (bone)

covers the bone

60
Q

Where is the visceral layer of dura mater?

A

follows contour of the brain

closer to brain

61
Q

_________ - areas formed between the 2 layers of dura where the CSF is returned to the venous system

A

Dural sinus

62
Q

What is the most important dural sinus?

A

Superior Saggital Sinus

63
Q

What is the area between the Dura Mater and the skull?

A

Epidural space

64
Q

Where is the dural sinus found?

A

between the 2 layers of dura where the CSF is returned to the venous system

65
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

between the Dura Mater and the skull

66
Q

What is physically connected to the Pia but not the Dura?

A

Arachnoid

67
Q

What causes the Arachnoid to balloon against the Dura- no visible space in between in a normal brain?

A

CSF

68
Q

Why is there no visible space between the Arachnoid and the Dura in a normal brain?

A

CSF causes the Arachnoid to push against the Dura

69
Q

What is the area between the Dura and Arachnoid called?

A

Subdural space

70
Q

What is the space under the Arachnoid where the CSF flows called?

A

Subarachnoid space

71
Q

What are the fingerlike projections of the Arachnoid that push into the dural sinus allowing the CSF to escape the system (act as a 1 way valve)?

A

Arachnoid Villi

72
Q

What is the difference between the subdural space and subarachnoid space?

A

The subdural space is between the dura and arachnoid. The subarachnoid space is under the arachnoid.

73
Q

Arachnoid Villi~
Relatively higher CSF pressure opens the one way valve allowing the CSF to escape into the ________ - a constant process that regulates _______

A

venous flow

pressure

74
Q

What is the innermost layer that follows all the contours of the brain and SC- has physical connections to them?

A

Pia Mater

75
Q

The Pia Mater contains ______________.

A

cerebral circulation

76
Q

True or False: The Pia Mater is attached to the cerebral cortex.

A

True. The Pia Mater is physically connected to cerebral cortex- blood flow circulation of the brain, not CSF.

77
Q

What is the strongest layer of the meninges? The weakest?

A

Strongest- Dura Mater- thick and fibrous

Weakest- Arachnoid- very delicate

78
Q

CSF flows between what two meninges layers?

A

Arachnoid and Pia

79
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, and Parietal

80
Q

What lobe of the brain controls voluntary movement?

A

Frontal lobe

81
Q

What lobe of the brain is sensory?

A

Parietal lobe

82
Q

What lobe of the brain is visual?

A

Occipital

83
Q

What lobe of the brain is auditory?

A

Temporal

84
Q

What lobe of the brain is in the front portion of the cerebrum? Middle portion? Back portion? Lateral portion?

A

Front- Frontal lobe
Middle- Parietal
Back- Occipital
Lateral- Temporal

85
Q

The frontal lobe controls ______________.

A

voluntary movement (It is the primary motor cortex).

86
Q

Where is the Broca’s area?

A

left frontal hemisphere

87
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

plans movements of mouth for motor speech (including feeding)

88
Q

In opposite hemisphere, Broca’s area is responsible for________________.

A

nonverbal communication, including gestures

89
Q

Name some things the frontal lobe is responsible for.

A

Judgment, attention, awareness, abstract thinking, mood, planning, all higher cognitive function

90
Q

The Parietal lobe is the _____________ and plays a role in _____________.

A

Primary Sensory Cortex

short term memory

91
Q

Parietal lobe/Primary Sensory Cortex receives incoming ____________, _______, and _________.

A

receives incoming sensory info from the body, processes it, and assigns meaning.

92
Q

What plays a role in short term memory?

A

Parietal lobe

93
Q

What is responsible for judgment, attention, awareness, abstract thinking, mood, planning, all higher cognitive functions?

A

Frontal lobe

94
Q

What hemisphere is responsible for nonverbal communication?

A

Right frontal hemisphere

95
Q

The occipital lobe is the _____________.

A

Primary Visual Cortex

96
Q

The Primary Visual Cortex __________________.

A

receives, organizes, and interprets visual input

97
Q

The temporal lobe is also known as the ___________ and _______________.

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

receives and processes auditory information

98
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

association area that allows person to comprehend spoken language (loss here severely disrupts communication left > right)

99
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Temporal lobe

100
Q

What lobe is associated with long term memory, balance, association between the senses?

A

Temporal lobe

101
Q

What system is buried deep within the brain and is referred to as our “reptilian brain”?

A

Limbic system

102
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for “fight or flight”, fear, anxiety, sex, territorial behavior, and plays a role in formulating memories?

A

Limbic system

103
Q

What part of the brain are areas within the 4 lobes that horizontally link different parts of the cortex?

A

Association Cortex

104
Q

What deep part of the brain allows info from the different lobes to be integrated?

A

Association Cortex

105
Q

What 4 parts are part of the deep nuclei?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Internal Capsule, and Basal Ganglia

106
Q

What part of the deep nuclei is active in posture and muscle tone?

A

Basal Ganglia

107
Q

This part of the brain coordinates automatic movement (swinging arms when walking)?

A

Basal Ganglia

108
Q

What substance is a primary problem in Parkinson’s and where is it found?

A

The substance is Substantia Nigra (produces dopamine) and it is found in the Basal Ganglia.

109
Q

__________ - made of axons descending from the frontal lobe motor areas and axons returning from the body

A

Internal Capsule

110
Q

What part of the deep nuclei plays a role in sensory reception?

A

Thalamus

111
Q

________ - receives sensory info and channels it to appropriate association areas and lobes of the cortex for interpretation

A

Thalamus

112
Q

This part of the brain lies under the thalamus.

A

Hypothalamus

113
Q

This part of the brain works with the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

114
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates homeostasis (balances internal environment) - hunger, body temp, BP

115
Q

You have decreased/lost of motor function on the right side. What hemisphere of the brain was affected by a stroke?

A

left hemisphere

116
Q

You have a loss of body image and may not be aware of the opposite side of the body. What side of the brain was affected by a stroke?

A

Right hemisphere

117
Q

You have significant problems with communication but are not combative. What side of the brain was affected by stroke?

A

Left hemisphere

118
Q

You have a loss of judgment and are impulsive. What side of the brain was affected by stroke?

A

Right hemisphere

119
Q

The left hemisphere contains Broca’s area. You have a stroke in the left hemisphere. What side affect will you suffer?

A

Problems with mouth movement (motor speech and feeding)

120
Q 
Stroke in left hemisphere~
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Significant problems w/ communication
  2. decreased/lost of motor function right side
  3. Depression- aware of loss and unable to communication
  4. Not combative
121
Q 
Stroke in right hemisphere~
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. Loss of body image (may not be aware they have the opposite side of the body)
  2. Motor loss left side
  3. Loss of judgment- no concept of self limitations
  4. Impulsive

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