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Neuro > 1.4- Anatomy of Cerebellum, Brain Stem, & SC > Flashcards

1.4- Anatomy of Cerebellum, Brain Stem, & SC Flashcards

0
Q

What controls balance, posture maintenance, and complex muscular movements?

A

Cerebellum

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1
Q

What is responsible for integration, coordination, and execution of multijoint movements?

A

Cerebellum

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2
Q

What is located between cerebrum and SC?

A

Brain stem

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3
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

To relay

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4
Q

Where is the brain stem located?

A

Between cerebrum and SC

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5
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

A relay station between cerebrum and SC

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6
Q

What is important in reflex including righting of the head and auditory reflexes?

A

Midbrain

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7
Q

What is made of fibers running between cerebellum and rest of CNS?

A

Pons

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8
Q

What is important for balance, equilibrium, coordinating movement?

A

Pons

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9
Q

Why is the Pons important?

A

for balance, equilibrium, coordinating movement

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10
Q

Why is the Medulla Oblongata important?

A

It is the control center for heart and breathing rate.

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11
Q

Where does the decussation (crossing) of motor and sensory neurons occur?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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12
Q

What contains the Reticular Activating System?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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14
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System?

A

adjusts level of arousal and sleep-wake cycles

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15
Q

What is the Foramen Magnum?

A

large opening at the base of the skull that serves as a boundary between brainstem and SC

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16
Q

What is the Spinal Column?

A

bony structure that protects SC

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17
Q

How far down does the spinal cord extend?

A

the first lumbar vertebrae

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18
Q

Nerve roots from the SC at the thoracic and lumbar level must descend _____ before exiting.

A

2 levels

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19
Q

How many enlargements in the spinal cord?

A

2- first enlargement (cervical enlargement) and second enlargement (lumbar enlargement)

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20
Q

Where is the first enlargement located?

A

third cervical vertebrae through second thoracic segment

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21
Q

Why is the first enlargement wider?

A

because of the many sensory and motor neurons coming from the UE’s

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22
Q

Where is the narrow area of the spinal cord?

A

thoracic area

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23
Q

Why is the thoracic area of the spinal cord narrow?

A

because relatively few motor and sensory neurons from this area

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24
Q

Where is the second enlargement of the spinal cord located?

A

first lumbar through third sacral

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25
Q

Why is the lumbar area of the spinal cord enlarged?

A

because of number of sensory and motor connections from LE’s

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26
Q

Generally the SC is _____ at top than bottom because nerves join the SC as it ______

A

larger at top

ascends

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27
Q

At approx. L1 the SC becomes a cone shaped structure called the _____________

A

Conus Medullaris

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28
Q

Where does the SC become the Conus Medullaris?

A

L1

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29
Q

What makes the Conus Medullaris?

A

sacral spinal segments

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30
Q

Below the Conus Medullaris the SC ends in a mass of spinal nerve roots called the _____________

A

Cauda Equina

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31
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

a mass of spinal nerve roots after the Conus Medullaris

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32
Q

In the brain, the Dura has 2 layers. It the SC, the dura has 1 layer. The layer is ____________.

A

Visceral layer (no periosteal layer in the SC)

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33
Q

Dura does not adhere to bone- it forms a ____.

A

sac

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34
Q

Why does the Dura not adhere to bone and instead form a sac?

A

because the spinal column is flexible and it would tear with movement if attached

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35
Q

True or False: The Arachnoid is the same in the SC as it is in the brain.

A

True. I is pushed against Dura due to SCF pressure but not physically attached.

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36
Q

The Pia is connected to ____________.

A

the SC itself

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37
Q

What term describes the flaps in the pia that attach through the arachnoid to the Dura, anchors the SC?

A

Denticulate ligaments

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38
Q

What are Denticulate Ligaments?

A

flaps in the pia that attach through the arachnoid to the dura, anchors the SC

39
Q

Pia continues around the cauda equine down to the coccyx where it forms a strand and attaches to anchor the SC- called the ____________

A

Filum Terminale

40
Q

Where does the dural sac eventually join the filum terminale and attach to the coccyx?

A

External Filum Terminale or the Coccygeal Ligament

41
Q

In the SC, white matter is ______ while the gray matter is __________.

A

white matter is outside while the gray matter is inside

42
Q

In the SC, gray matter is divided into __________.

A

3 horns: dorsal (posterior) horn, lateral horn, and ventral (anterior) horn

43
Q

Dorsal horn is ___________.
Lateral horn is ___________.
Ventral horn is _________.

A

Dorsal horn- sensory
Lateral horn- motor
Ventral horn- motor

44
Q

Cell bodies of neurons that carry sensory info up to the brain.

A

Dorsal (posterior) horn

45
Q

Contains cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

Lateral horn

46
Q

Processes autonomic info

A

Lateral horn

47
Q

Found only between T1-L2

A

Lateral horn

48
Q

Lateral horn contains cell bodies of ____________ neurons.

A

preganglionic sympathetic

49
Q

Lateral horn processes ___________ and is found only between __________.

A

processes autonomic info

found only between T1-L2

50
Q

Ventral horn is cell bodies of _______ neurons that drive ________.

A

Alpha motor neurons

drive voluntary muscle

51
Q

Cell bodies of Alpha motor neurons that drive voluntary muscle

A

Ventral (anterior) horn

52
Q

White matter is divided into ____________.

A

3 columns: Dorsal (posterior) column, lateral column, ventral (anterior) column

53
Q

Dorsal column is ________.
Lateral column is _________.
Ventral column is __________.

A

Dorsal column is sensory fibers running up to the brain.
Lateral column is both motor and sensory fibers.
Ventral column is mostly motor fibers.

54
Q

Ventral columns are made of several distinct bundles called _______.

A

tracts

55
Q

a tract is a group of nerve fibers similar in ______, ___________, and ____________.

A

origin, destination, and function

56
Q
  • large with slightly flattened shape

- more white matter with large ventral horn

A

cervical

57
Q
  • ventral horn is narrow (few muscles in the area)

- small dorsal horn- little sensation coming from the area

A

thoracic

58
Q
  • broadens with large dorsal and ventral horns due to lots of motor and sensory activity from the area
A

lumbar

59
Q
  • lots of gray matter with very little white matter (tracts mostly entre or leave the SC at levels about this region)
A

sacral

60
Q

SC has ____ segments with a pair of ________ coming from each segment

A

31

spinal nerves

61
Q

All segments have _______ and _______ components except C1 which only has _______.

A

sensory and motor

motor

62
Q

What part of the SC does not have both motor and sensory components.

A

C1- sensory info carried thru cranial nerves

63
Q

Each spinal nerve is made of what 2 roots?

A

dorsal root and ventral root

64
Q

The dorsal root is made of _________ fibers.

A

afferent (sensory)

65
Q

The ventral root is made of __________ fibers.

A

efferent (motor)

66
Q

Enlargement of the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons (cell bodies are outside the SC itself)

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion

67
Q

What is the Dorsal Root Ganglion?

A

enlargement of the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

68
Q

Union of the dorsal and ventral roots forms the _________.

A

spinal nerves

69
Q

Tracts (white matter)- columns consist of several tracts- bundles of ____________ that run up and down the cord.

A

myelinated fibers

70
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract does what?

A

voluntary motor system

71
Q

Starts in area 4 of the cortex (Brodmann’s cortical numbering system) and eventually innervates muscle

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

72
Q

Corresponds with the Homunculus in the primary motor cortex

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

73
Q

The Lateral Corticospinal Tract corresponds with the ___________ in the primary motor cortex.

A

Homunculus

74
Q

Motor tracts are a 2 neuron system- _______ and _______ _______ neuron

A

upper and lower motor neuron

75
Q

The Upper Motor Neuron begins in the ________, runs through the ________ to the _________.

A

Begins in the cortex, runs through the internal capsule to the medulla oblongata

76
Q

In the medulla, 85% of the fibers cross and descend through the SC as the ___________.

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

77
Q

The 15% that don’t immediately cross ___________.

A

do so eventually

78
Q

The axon exits the SC through the _______ where it synapses onto an ______ or directly onto the ___________.

A

through the Ventral horn where it synapses onto an interneuron or directly onto the Lower Motor Neuron

79
Q

The lower motor neuron is generally an __________.

A

Alpha Motor Neuron

80
Q

The lower motor neuron then travels through the _________ to ___________.

A

Ventral root to innervate muscles

81
Q

If the upper motor neuron is destroyed:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. effects seen on opposite side
  2. paralysis, hypertonic, hyperreflexia- Spastic Paralysis
  3. Minimal atrophy
82
Q 
If lower motor neuron is destroyed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
  1. effects on the same side
  2. paralysis, flaccid, atonia, no reflexes- Flaccid paralysis
  3. significant atrophy
  4. may see fasciculations of the muscle fibers
83
Q

If both upper and lower motor neurons destroyed:

1.

A
  1. characteristics of lower motor neuron lesion- no reflexes, flaccid paralysis
84
Q

Destroyed upper or lower motor neuron:

  1. effects on the same side?
  2. minimal atrophy?
  3. Flaccid paralysis?
  4. fasciculations of the muscle fibers?
A
  1. lower motor neuron
  2. upper motor neuron
  3. lower motor neuron
  4. lower motor neuron
85
Q

Dorsal Column System can’t be called a tract because it ______________.

A

originates outside the CNS

86
Q

What carries vibration and light touch?

A

Dorsal Column System

87
Q

What has large myelinated fibers (fast)?

A

Dorsal Column System

88
Q

What carries pain, temp, some touch?

A

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

89
Q

What has very small unmyelinated fibers- slow conduction?

A

Lateral Spinothalamic tract

90
Q

What are the differences between the dorsal column system and the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A
  1. myelination
  2. where it synapses
  3. where it crosses
91
Q 
Dorsal Column System~
#1 neuron enters thru the \_\_\_\_\_ into the SC on the \_\_\_\_\_; travels up the SC on the \_\_\_\_\_ into the \_\_\_\_\_ where it synapses with neuron #2; #2 neuron crosses to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as it goes through the \_\_\_\_\_ & into the \_\_\_\_\_\_; #2 neuron synapses with the #3 neuron in the \_\_\_\_\_ and goes to area \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
dorsal root
same side
same side
medulla oblongata
opposite side
brainstem & into the thalamus
thalamus and goes to area 3, 2, 1, of sensory cortex
92
Q

Where does the dorsal column system cross to the opposite side?

A

as it goes through the brainstem and into the thalamus

93
Q 
Lateral Spinothalamic tract~
#1 neuron enters through the \_\_\_\_\_ into the \_\_\_\_ and synapses immediately; #2 neuron crosses in the \_\_\_\_\_ of the SC to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ before it ascends up the SC; #2 neuron end and synapses with #3 neuron in the \_\_\_\_\_\_; #3 neuron runs up to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

dorsal root into the dorsal horn

lateral column of the SC to the opposite side

thalamus

3, 1, 2, in sensory cortex

94
Q

Where does the lateral spinothalamic tract cross to the opposite side?

A

crosses in the lateral column of the SC to the opposite side before it ascends up the SC

Neuro (30 decks)

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