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Neuro > 1.2- CNS Cells, Cell Anatomy, & Neural Transmission > Flashcards

1.2- CNS Cells, Cell Anatomy, & Neural Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic building block of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What two ways are neurons different from other cells?

A

Excitable & Conductive

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3
Q

True or False: A fetus develops more neurons after birth.

A

False. A fetus has all neurons at birth.

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4
Q

True or False: Mature neurons do not divide.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: Neurons are all the same size.

A

False. Neurons can be very long or very short (axon can be up to 1 yard long).

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6
Q

What is another name for cell body?

A

Soma

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7
Q

What is the gooey, watery substance in the cell that contains everything else?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Where is the nucleus located in healthy cells? in diseased cells?

A

The nucleus is central in healthy cells. The nucleus is displaced in diseased cells.

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9
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes & rough endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

What is the function of free ribosomes?

A

to make protein for cells own use

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11
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

produces neurotransmitters

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12
Q

What part of a cell makes protein?

A

Free ribosomes

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13
Q

What part of a cell produces neurotransmitters?

A

Rough ER

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

packages neurotransmitters

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15
Q

What part of a cell packages neurotransmitters made by the rough ER?

A

Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

The Golgi apparatus packages neurotransmitters into a _____________.

A

synaptic vesicle

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17
Q

What part of a cell is the powerhouse of the cell/releases energy?

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

What is the term for the extension of the soma that receives transmission from other cells (input site)?

A

Dendrite

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19
Q

What is the function of the dendrite?

A

conducts impulse from the end of the dendrite towards the cell body

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20
Q

What type of specific neuron has the most dendrites?

A

spinal motor neuron

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21
Q

On average, more dendrites are found on _____ neurons.

A

motor

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22
Q

On average, less dendrites are found on ____ neurons.

A

sensory

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23
Q

What is an output unit of the cell that sends impulses to the next target cell?

A

Axon

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24
Q

How many axons on a neuron?

A

one, but it can go very long distances

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25
Q

Where can an axon impulse go? (3 things)

A

to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands

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26
Q

What is the narrowed area of the cell body that forms into the axon?

A

Axon hillock

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27
Q

What is the broadened end area of the axon just before the synapse?

A

Presynaptic terminal

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28
Q

What helps with the flow of material to and from cell body and presynaptic terminal?

A

Microtubules

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29
Q

What are the two transport methods along the microtubules?

A

Anterograde transport and retrograde transport

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30
Q

What type of transport is the flow of material AWAY from the cell body TOWARD end of axon?

A

Anterograde transport

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31
Q

What type of transport is the flow of material from the end of the axon back towards the cell body?

A

Retrograde transport

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32
Q

Synaptic vesicles return via ________ from the synapse after release of the _______ for reuse.

A

retrograde transport; neurotransmitter

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33
Q

What type of transport slows with the aging process?

A

Axoplasmic (process of anterograde & retrograde transports together)

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34
Q

What is the term for the gap between neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

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35
Q

Where is the site for interneural communication?

A

synaptic cleft

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36
Q

The synapse includes the ________, _________, and the ________.

A

pre-synaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and the post-synaptic membrane

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37
Q

Where does the chemical process of transmission occur?

A

synapse

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38
Q

Where is a synapse located?

A

It can be located anywhere on a dendrite, cell body, or axon.

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39
Q

Some areas of a synapse are more excitable than others. What is the more excitable area?

A

Dendrite -> takes less neurotransmitters

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40
Q

How are neurons classified?

A
  1. Number and arrangement of parts

2. Function

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41
Q

What type of neuron has many dendrites from the cell body with only 1 axon?

A

Multipolar neuron

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42
Q

What is the most common cells of the nervous system?

A

multipolar neurons

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43
Q

What type of neuron receives huge amounts of input from multiple places?

A

multipolar neurons

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44
Q

What type of neuron travels from the CNS to the muscle?

A

Efferent (motor) neurons

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45
Q

What is an example of an efferent neuron?

A

spinal motor neuron

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46
Q

What is the traveling path of an efferent (motor) neuron?

A

from the CNS to muscle

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47
Q

What type of neuron has 2 primary processes from soma- the dendrite and axon?

A

bipolar neuron

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48
Q

What type of neuron might have a dendrite root that divides into multiple dendritic branches?

A

bipolar neuron

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49
Q

What type of neuron has high precision in reception and transmission?

A

bipolar neuron

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50
Q

Why does a bipolar neuron have high precision in reception and transmission?

A

because 1 single dendrite receives info and transmits to only 1 other neuron

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51
Q

What type of neuron is a bipolar neuron where dendrite receives impulse in a sensory organ and transmits back towards the CNS?

A

Afferent (sensory) neuron

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52
Q

Afferent (sensory) neuron- bipolar neuron where _____ receives impulse in a sensory organ and transmits ______________

A

dendrite; back towards the CNS

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53
Q

Examples of afferent (sensory) neurons

A

retina, inner ear, taste buds

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54
Q

What is a subclass of bipolar cells?

A

Pseudounipolar

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55
Q

What type of neuron appears to have a single projection from the cell body that divides into 2 axonal roots (no true dendrites)?

A

pseudounipolar

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56
Q

What are the 2 types of axonal roots of a pseudounipolar neuron?

A
  1. Peripheral axon

2. Central axon

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57
Q

What is long and myelinated, conducts sensory info from the sensory organs to the cell body?

A

Peripheral axon

58
Q

What conducts info from soma to spinal cord?

A

Central axon

59
Q

What is the travel path of a peripheral axon?

A

from the sensory organs to the cell body

60
Q

What is the travel path of a central axon?

A

from soma to spinal cord

61
Q

Why does a pseudounipolar neuron travel quickly?

A

it skips the soma

62
Q

___________ neurons - CNS to smooth or skeletal muscles

A

Efferent (motor)

63
Q

__________ neurons - sensory info from periphery to CNS

A

Afferent (sensory)

64
Q

__________ - process info locally or sends info short distances from one area of the nervous system to another (processes info at the spinal cord level)

A

Interneurons

65
Q

Which direction do efferent neurons travel?

A

from CNS to smooth or skeletal muscles

66
Q

Which direction do afferent neurons travel?

A

from periphery to CNS

67
Q

What type of support cell provides support for neurons and help with neural transmission?

A

Glial cells

68
Q

What type of cell may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease and MS?

A

Glial cells

69
Q

Glial cells are classified into what two sizes?

A

Microglia and macroglia

70
Q

What type of cell acts as phagocytes?

A

Microglia

71
Q

Microglia cells are only found in the _____.

A

CNS

72
Q

What do microglia cells do?

A

Act as phagocytes- destroy bacteria and old or damaged cells

73
Q

What are the three types of macroglia cells?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Schwann cells
74
Q

_______ are star shaped cells found in CNS.

A

Astrocytes

75
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

CNS

76
Q

What 3 things do astrocytes do?

A
  1. role in cell communication
  2. act as scavengers to clean up debris (remove spent neurotransmitter)
  3. transport nutrients to nerve by connecting neuron to capillaries (part of blood-brain barrier)
77
Q

What type of cell has a role in cell communication (stimulated by other neurons, change in shape or pressure)?

A

Astrocytes

78
Q

What type of cell acts as a scavenger to clean up debris (remove spent neurotransmitter)?

A

Astrocytes

79
Q

What type of cell transports nutrients to nerve by connecting neuron to capillaries?

A

Astrocytes

80
Q

Problems with astrocytes can lead to _______.

A

scarring in brain causing tumors and seizures

81
Q

What type of cell produces myelin in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

82
Q

What is the lipid and protein layer that wraps around axon?

A

Myelin

83
Q

What insulates electrical conduction so one fiber does not short out on another?

A

Myelin

84
Q

More and thicker myelin = __________

A

faster conduction

85
Q

Not continuous, areas not myelinated called ______

A

Nodes of Ranvier

86
Q

Diseases (MS) can attack ______.

A

myelin

87
Q

What is myelin?

A

a lipid and protein layer that wraps around axon and insulates electrical conduction so one fiber does not short out on another

88
Q

What is the function of a oligodendrocyte?

A

to produce myelin in CNS

89
Q

What type of cell produces myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

90
Q

Schwann cells are the only support cells of the PNS. It must do what three things?

A
  1. make myelin
  2. clear debris
  3. support neurons
91
Q

Each Schwann cell may myelinate ______ axons.

A

several

92
Q

What is the outer plasma membrane of the Schwann cell called?

A

Neurolemma

93
Q

What is Neurolemma?

A

the outer plasma membrane of the Schwann cell- covers the myelin produced around the axon in the PNS

94
Q

True of False: Neurolemma degenerates when cut.

A

False. Does NOT degenerate when cut.

(why nerve can regenerate in PNS -> can remake connections) *will degenerate in CNS

95
Q

What happens if a soma is damaged?

A

the entire nerve cell dies

96
Q

Wallerian degeneration occurs when ___________.

A

axon is damaged

97
Q

What 4 things occur during Wallerian degeneration?

A
  1. damaged segments retract away from each other
  2. distal axonal segment degenerates & pulls away from myelin sheath
  3. axon terminal degenerates & dies
  4. glial cells scavenge the area
98
Q

What is axonal sprouting?

A

if soma of injured cell is intact, regeneration of PERIPHERAL nerves is possible

99
Q

How can an injured axon regrow to a new target?

A
  1. when axon degenerates, it leaves before the neurolemma (like a hollow pipe)
  2. this pipe can act as a guide for axonal regrowth to direct it back to the proper target
100
Q

Where is neurolemma produced?

A

PNS (one of the reasons regeneration does not occur in the CNS)

101
Q

What is neuroma?

A

nerve tumor of free nerve ending

102
Q

How does a neuroma occur?

A

when a nerve tries to regenerate and can’t find its way

103
Q

What is the growth rate of an axon?

A

1mm/day

104
Q

True or False: An axon returns to a pre-injury state.

A

False. Not complete or same as before injury.

105
Q

Why might an axon not be the same as before injury?

A
  1. may go to wrong target

2. schwann cells remake myelin but have more nodes (slows conduction)

106
Q

Neurons function because of a difference in _____ _____ across the membrane created by having different _____ ______ on either side of the cell membrane.

A

electrical potential

electrical charges

107
Q

How is the difference in electrical potential created?

A

by having ions with different electrical charges on each side of the membrane

108
Q

There are 4 channels that allow ions to move back and forth across the cell membrane of the axon. One is a non-gated channel. What are the 3 gated channels?

A
  1. modality gated
  2. ligand gated
  3. voltage gated
109
Q

What type of channel allows slow diffusion of a small number of ions via osmosis through the membrane?

A

non-gated channels (open all the time & allows constant dripping)

110
Q

Describe Modality gated channels

A
  • open in response to touch, pressure, hot, cold, etc

- only in sensory system

111
Q

Describe Ligand gated channels

A
  • open in response to neurotransmitter binding

- in post synaptic membrane

112
Q

Describe Voltage gated channels

A
  • open in response to changes in electrical potential across the membrane
  • as one channel depolarizes it opens up the next channel
113
Q

What type of gated channel opens in response to touch, pressure, hot, cold?

A

Modality gated

114
Q

What type of gated channel opens in response to neurotransmitter binding?

A

Ligand gated

115
Q

What type of gated response opens in response to changes in electrical potential across the membrane?

A

Voltage gated

116
Q

What type of gated channel is only in sensory system?

A

Modality gated

117
Q

What type of gated channel is in post synaptic membrane?

A

Ligand gated

118
Q

What type of gated channel opens as the previous one depolarizes?

A

Voltage gated

119
Q

Resting potential is _____mV.

Action potential is ______mV.

A

Resting potential is -70mV.

Action potential is +35mV.

120
Q

What occurs when the axon has a negative ionic charge inside due to large negative molecules permanently trapped in the cell; outside there is a positive ionic charge due to Na+ ions?

A

Resting potential

121
Q

Resting potential-

What type of charge is inside the cell? Outside the cell?

A

Inside the cell is a negative charge. Outside the cell is a positive charge.

122
Q

With impulse transmission, when a stimulus is received, a ____________ of the cell membrane occurs.

A

reversal or depolarization

123
Q

How does a reversal or depolarization of a cell membrane occur?

A
  1. started by opening of modality or ligand gated channels allowing Na+ (sodium) in the cell
  2. as Na+ enters, charge inside that area of the membrane rises to +35mV
124
Q

What is it called when the adjacent membrane reaches the +35mV threshold and the next voltage regulated channel down the membrane opens?

A

Action Potential

*once tripped, the succession continues the entire length of the neuron

125
Q

What happens when the impulse reaches the presynaptic membrane?

A

the synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter flattens against the membrane emptying the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

126
Q

__________ - if axon is myelinated this process occurs much faster because depolarization will only have to occur where there is no myelin (Node of Ranvier)

A

Saltatory Conduction

127
Q

What must happen after depolarization?

A

cell must return back to the resting potential

128
Q

After depolarization occurs, cell must return back to resting potential. Another gate opens allowing __________.

A

K+ (potassium) to leave the cell.

129
Q

After depolarization occurs, the cell must return back to the resting potential. Another gate opens allowing K+ to leave the cell. Then what happens?

A

the negative charge is restored, but actually becomes more negative, down to -135mV

(also a problem b/c Na+ is inside the membrane and K+ is outside)

130
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

time between depolarization and restoration of the -70mV resting potential

131
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods?

A
  1. Absolute refractory period

2. Relative refractory period

132
Q

__________ - membrane is completely unresponsive to another stimuli (occurs during the time the membrane has a positive charge)

A

Absolute refractory period

133
Q

___________ - occurs while restoration of the - charge is occurring (internal charge is more negative than the -70mV resting potential)

A

Relative refractory period

134
Q

What type of refractory period occurs during the time the membrane has a positive charge?

A

Absolute

135
Q

What type of refractory period occurs during the restoration of the - charge?

A

Relative

136
Q

What type of refractory period may be responsive to a very strong stimuli?

A

Relative refractory period

137
Q

What occurs via an active transport system that restores the resting potential?

A

Repolarization

138
Q

What is the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

the cell membrane uses energy (ATP) to actively eject Na+ while returning K+ into the cell

139
Q

_________ - the cell membrane uses energy (ATP) to actively eject Na+ while returning K+ into the cell

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

140
Q

What is a Node of Ranvier?

A

an area of no myelin

Neuro (30 decks)

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