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MBBS > 206 SSNS - Histology > Flashcards

206 SSNS - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 coats of tunic of the eye?

A

Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Retinal tunic

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2
Q

What are the pigments in rods & cones?

A

Rods - rhodopsin

Cones - iodopsin

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3
Q

What are the 2 photoreceptor cells responsible for?

A

Rods - dim, black & white

Cones - bright, color

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4
Q

What are the 10 layers of the retina? (from inner region to outer region)

A

Retina layers (from inner region to outer region)

My - Membrane (Inner limiting membrane); (adjacent to vitreous)
Nerves - Nerve fibers 
Get - Ganglions
In - Inner plexiform
Knots - Inner nuclear
Outside - Outer plexiform
Our - Outer nuclear
Easy - External limiting membrane
Practice - Photoreceptors (rods & cones)
Review - Retinal pigment epithelium
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5
Q

What’s the Bruch’s membrane & its function?

A

Innermost layer of choroid

Separates choroid from pigment epithelium

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6
Q

What are the 5 layers of Bruch’s membrane? (from inside to outside)

A
  1. The basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium
  2. The inner collagenous zone
  3. A central band of elastic fibers
  4. The outer collagenous zone
  5. The basement membrane of the capillaries
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7
Q

What is the fovea?

A

A shallow depression in the inner retinal surface, entirely cones, specialized for maximum visual acuity

Located in the center of macula lutea

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8
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

A yellowish region surrounding fovea, mainly cones but start to gain rod at the periphery

Ganglion cells & fibers are pushed to the sides to allow light to pass uninterrupted

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of neurons in the retina?

A 
Photoreceptors (rods & cones) 
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Horizontal cells 
Amacrine cells
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10
Q

What are the 2 glial cells found in the retina?

A

Astrocyte

Müller cells

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11
Q

What are the functions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)?

A

Light absorption
Production of extracellular matrix
Visual cycle - storage of vit A (precursor of 11-cis retinal) & regeneration of rhodopsin
Phagocytosis of shredded outer segments

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks:

During darkness, receptors are ______.

A

Depolarized

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13
Q

Fill in the blanks:

During light, receptors are ______.

A

Hyperpolarized

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14
Q

How do rod bipolar cells communicate with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

A

They do not contact ganglion cells directly.

Contact amacrine cells which spread out rod info before covering on ganglion cells

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15
Q

How do cone bipolar cells communicate with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?

A

Synapse with RGC directly

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16
Q

What’s the vertical pathway for retinal ganglion cells?

A

Photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell chain

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17
Q

What’s the lateral pathway for retinal ganglion cells?

A

Photoreceptor → horizontal cell → bipolar cell → amacrine cell → ganglion cell chain

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18
Q

What are the 2 principal types of human retinal ganglion cells?

A

Midget (Type P) - small receptive field

Parasol (Type M) - large receptive field

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19
Q

What cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

A

Horizontal + Amacrine

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20
Q

What are the classical findings in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Cherry red spot, pale optic disc

21
Q

Pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

A

Capillary basement membrane thickening
Loss of pericytes
Distention of retinal capillary walls
Breakdown of blood-retinal (endothelial) barrier

22
Q

What is glaucoma due to?

A

↑ intraocular pressure

Loss of blood flow to the optic nerve

23
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system (skin & its appendages)? (4)

A

Protection
Excretion
Sensation
Secretory

24
Q

3 main composition of skin & its appendages

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis/subcutis

Epidermal appendages: hair, nail, sweat, oil, mammary glands

25
Q

5 layers of epidermis (superficial to deep)

A

“Come Lets Get Some Beers” (from superficial to deep)

Stratum Corneum - outermost; stack of squamous cells w keratin filaments
Stratum Lucidum - no organelles, keratin filaments, eleidin
Stratum Granulosum - keratohyalin granules
Stratum Spinosum - intercellular bridges (desmosomes)
Stratum Basale - innermost, cuboidalcells

26
Q

Cell types in epidermis (4)

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
Merkel’s cells

27
Q

What is a type of skin determined by?

A

Thickness of epidermis

28
Q

Where is thick skin & thin skin found?

A

Thick: palm & sole
Thin: rest of body

29
Q

How do thick skin & think skin differ?

A

Stratum lucidum is absent in thin skin

Thin skin has thin stratum corneum

30
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

Basal layer of epidermis

31
Q

What’s the function of melanosomes?

A

Synthesize & release brown pigment - melanin

32
Q

How does exposure to UV affect melanin production?

A

It accelerates the rate of melanin production, to provide a darker color to protect UV damage to cells

33
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Tissue-resident macrophages, contains organelles - Birbeck granules

34
Q

What’s the function of the Birbeck granule?

A

Uptake of foreign antigens for processing within the lysosomal system before releasing or presenting to T lymphocytes

35
Q

Langerhans cells derived from?

A

Monocytes

36
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

All layers of the epidermis of skin, more in stratum spinosum

37
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Modified epidermal cells in stratum basale - touch receptor

38
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary & Reticular

39
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

Papillary layer

Dermis of fingertips, soles, nipples, eyelids, lips & genitalia

40
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

Hypodermis layer

Skin of hands & feet

41
Q

Which layer of dermis contains adipocytes?

A

Hypodermis/subcutaneous

42
Q

What’s the function of skin circulation?

A

Nutrition of skin & appendages

Regulate blood flow to increase or reduce heat loss

43
Q

What are the 4 skin appendages?

A

Hair
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nails

44
Q

What’s the type of secretory (sebum) mechanism of the sebaceous gland?

A

Holocrine

45
Q

What are the 3 modes of secretion?

A

Merocrine - no part of cell is lost
Apocrine - top of cell lost with secretion
Holocrine - whole-cell detaches with secretion

46
Q

What is the hardness of the nail dependent on?

A

Keratin & sulfur

47
Q

What is skin repair dependent on?

A

Proliferation of keratinocytes in stratum basale

48
Q

What are the 4 phases of wound healing?

A
  1. Hemostasis
  2. Inflammation
  3. Proliferation of granulation
  4. Remodeling or maturation

MBBS (28 decks)

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