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201 HI - Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Anucleated formed elements in blood

A

Red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes), reticulocytes

Cell fragments of megakaryotes (thobocytes or platelets)

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2
Q

Formed elements - WBC (leukocytes) in blood

A

Agranulocytes: lymphocyte & monocyte
Granulocytes: neutrophil, eosinophils, basophli

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3
Q

What are in plasma of blood during fluid phase?

A

Fibrinogen
Albumin
Globulins

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4
Q

What are in serum of blood during fluid phase?

A

Plasma w/o clotting factors

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5
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus and adults?

A

Fetus: yolk sac, liver & spleen, bone marrow

Adult: bone marrow

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6
Q

Differences between cell, corpuscles, cell fragments.

A

Cell: has a nucleus
Corpuscles no nucleus
Cell fragment: pinched off of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes

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7
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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8
Q

Does Ca2+ circulate in blood?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Which cell in bone regulate blood Ca2+ levels?

A

Osteoclast

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10
Q

What does the buffy coat contain?

A

Leucocytes & platelets

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11
Q

Why adult males have more formed elements than females?

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

Histological characteristics of RBC (erythrocytes)

A

Biconcave discs
Enucleated
Hemoglobin

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13
Q

Histological characteristics of WBC (leukocytes)

- granulocytes

A

Large granules
Multi-lobed nuclei
3 distinctive types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

Histological characteristics of WBC (leukocytes)

- agranulocytes

A

Small granules
Non-lobed nuclei
2 distinctive types: lymphocytes & monocytes

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15
Q

Histological characteristics of platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Cell fragment
Form platelet plugs
Release chemicals necessary for blood clotting

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16
Q

What is erythroblastic islet?

A

Colony of immature erythrocyte in cluster

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17
Q

Red marrow

A

Active, in medullary cavity of flat bones & head of long bone

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18
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Inactive, in middle of long bone

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19
Q

What are the differences between the peripheral blood smear & bone marrow smear?

A

More cells w nucleus & larger cell size in bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the 3 major organs involved in hemopoiesis during embryonic & fetal life?

A

1st trimester - yolk sac
2nd trimester - liver
3rd trimester - bone marrow

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21
Q

What is the most common site for a bone marrow biopsy in adults?

A

Iliac crest

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22
Q

How long does erythrocytes live?

A

120 days

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23
Q

How long does reticulocytes live?

A

1 day

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24
Q

What is the clinical significance of finding abnormally high number of reticulocytes?

A

Bleeding; high altitude or anemia

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25
How long does platelets last?
8-12 days
26
Where does platelet originate from & its function?
Originate from megakaryocyte | Function vasuclar repair by forming clots
27
Which cell type in kidney produces erythropoietin?
Interstitial fibroblast in kidney
28
How do cell size & appearance of nuclei & cytoplasm change as cells mature?
Large → small Larger euchromatic nucleus → smaller heterochromatic nucleus (loss of nuclei in RBC) More cytoplasmic area to nucleus ratio
29
Function of erythrocyte
Transport O2 from lungs to various tissue | Transport of CO2 from tissues to lungs
30
What is the consequence of no carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?
CO2 cannot be hydrolized to bicarbonate, therefore, less CO2 away from tissue to blood
31
In excess blood loss condition, ______ numbers increase
Reticulocyte
32
Is the number of reticulocytes decreased in polycythemia vera?
Increased, bc polycythemia increase RBC count | Reticulocytes are precursors of RBC so increased
33
Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (骨髓增生不良症候群)
Fatigue & shortness of breath Pallor - low RBC count (anemia) Easy brushing or bleeding - low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia) Pinpoint-sized red spots - bleeding just beneath skin (petechiae) Frequent infections - a low WBC count (leukopenia)
34
What could be the cause of myelodysplastic syndrome?
Chemotherapy Radiation Toxins - tobacco, benzene, pesticides, heavy metal
35
What is the effect of sickle or crescent-shaped RBC on blood flow & tissue O2?
Block blood flow
36
Why are nucleus of megakaryocytes so large?
Undergoes endomitosis
37
Function of platelets
Important in preventing blood loss by forming platelet plugs - surface glycoproteins & proteins for adhesion to collagen
38
What is CFU?
Colony-forming unit
39
Stages of granulopoiesis - neutrophil - eosinophil - basophil
Common for granular leukocytic lines: myeloblast → promyelocyte → neutrophilic myelocyte → neutrophilic metamyelocyte → band neutrophil → matured neutrophil → eosinophilic myelocyte → eosinophilic metamyelocyte → eosinophil → basophilic myelocyte → basophilic metamyelocyte → basophil
40
What is CSF? List the accurate sequence of neutrophil differentiation?
Colony-stimulating factor | Myeloblast → promyelocytes → myelocyte → metamyelocytes → neutrophil
41
What is the difference between lysosome & lysozyme?
Lysosome: an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells and contains degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane Lysozyme: enzyme like in egg white, and in body fluids, such as tears, saliva, etc, destroy cell membrane (kills bacteria, antiseptic)
42
Function of WBC
Protect the body against microorganisms & remove dead cells & debris Movement Endocytosis Exoxytosis
43
What is the significance of neutrophils undergoing trans-endothelial migration into a tissue?
Infiltration of neutrophil to tissue via diapedesis suggest that there is infection in that area.
44
Which structure in neutrophil is useful for identifying female vs male athletes in Olympics?
Barr Body of neutrophils
45
Which 3 types of granules do the neutrophils contain?
Specific granules Azurophilic granules Tertiary granules
46
Characteristics of neutrophils
Survive in anaerobic condition | Kill bacteria in necrotic tissue by extravasation
47
Which 2 types of granules do the eosinophils contain?
Specific granule - crystalloid body | Azurophilic granules - lysosome
48
Function of eosinophils
Secretes IL-1 & IL-2 | To fight against infection
49
Function of basophil
Similar to mast cell Allergy & anaphylaxis Has IgE receptor on membrane for binding IgE antibody + antigen
50
What granules are present in monocyte?
Azurophilic granules
51
Function of monocytes
Phagocytosis & antigen-presenting
52
What does macrophage contain?
Phagosomes
53
Function of macrophages
Engulf & partially digest antigens
54
Cell involved in inflammation & wound healing (4)
Monocytes Macrophages Fibroblast Lymphocytes, eosinophils & basophils
55
Classification of lymphatic tissue & organs
Dense lymphoid tissue - tonsils, nodules in dense CT Diffuse lymphoid tissue - Nodules in loose CT Lymphoid organ - lymph node, spleen, thymus
56
Functions of the lymphatic system
Fluid balance Fat absorption Defense
57
Lines of defense to protect against pathogens & other foreign substances
Active innate immunity - external Passive innate immunity - naturally Active acquired immunity - by exposure to infection Passive acquired immunity - by transferring antibody
58
3 levels of lymphatic system
Level 1: immature lymphocyte Level 2: Pre-B & Pre-T lymphocyte Level 3: Educated cells
59
Function of immune system
Destroy foreign substances & abnormal cells | Provide resistance
60
Lymphocytes function along w plasma cells & macrophages to:
Protect against invading macromolecules Scrutinize body fluids for detecting abnormal components Produce antibodies to attack foreign cells Destroy damaged & aged blood components Reservoir for platelets Site of hematopoiesis
61
MALT
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
62
GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
63
BALT
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
64
______ tonsils in oropharynx ______ tonsils in tongue ______ tonsils in nasopharynx
Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal
65
What type of epithelium found in palatine tonsils?
Stratified squamous
66
What type of epithelium found in lingual tonsils?
Stratified squamous
67
What type of epithelium found in pharyngeal tonsils?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar goblet cell
68
Hassall's corpuscles
Structures found in the medulla of the human thymus, formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically

MBBS (28 decks)

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