201 HI - Histology Flashcards
Anucleated formed elements in blood
Red blood corpuscles (erythrocytes), reticulocytes
Cell fragments of megakaryotes (thobocytes or platelets)
Formed elements - WBC (leukocytes) in blood
Agranulocytes: lymphocyte & monocyte
Granulocytes: neutrophil, eosinophils, basophli
What are in plasma of blood during fluid phase?
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Globulins
What are in serum of blood during fluid phase?
Plasma w/o clotting factors
Where does hemopoiesis occur in fetus and adults?
Fetus: yolk sac, liver & spleen, bone marrow
Adult: bone marrow
Differences between cell, corpuscles, cell fragments.
Cell: has a nucleus
Corpuscles no nucleus
Cell fragment: pinched off of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
Normal blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
Does Ca2+ circulate in blood?
Yes
Which cell in bone regulate blood Ca2+ levels?
Osteoclast
What does the buffy coat contain?
Leucocytes & platelets
Why adult males have more formed elements than females?
Testosterone
Histological characteristics of RBC (erythrocytes)
Biconcave discs
Enucleated
Hemoglobin
Histological characteristics of WBC (leukocytes)
- granulocytes
Large granules
Multi-lobed nuclei
3 distinctive types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Histological characteristics of WBC (leukocytes)
- agranulocytes
Small granules
Non-lobed nuclei
2 distinctive types: lymphocytes & monocytes
Histological characteristics of platelets (thrombocytes)
Cell fragment
Form platelet plugs
Release chemicals necessary for blood clotting
What is erythroblastic islet?
Colony of immature erythrocyte in cluster
Red marrow
Active, in medullary cavity of flat bones & head of long bone
Yellow marrow
Inactive, in middle of long bone
What are the differences between the peripheral blood smear & bone marrow smear?
More cells w nucleus & larger cell size in bone marrow
What are the 3 major organs involved in hemopoiesis during embryonic & fetal life?
1st trimester - yolk sac
2nd trimester - liver
3rd trimester - bone marrow
What is the most common site for a bone marrow biopsy in adults?
Iliac crest
How long does erythrocytes live?
120 days
How long does reticulocytes live?
1 day
What is the clinical significance of finding abnormally high number of reticulocytes?
Bleeding; high altitude or anemia
How long does platelets last?
8-12 days
Where does platelet originate from & its function?
Originate from megakaryocyte
Function vasuclar repair by forming clots
Which cell type in kidney produces erythropoietin?
Interstitial fibroblast in kidney
How do cell size & appearance of nuclei & cytoplasm change as cells mature?
Large → small
Larger euchromatic nucleus → smaller heterochromatic nucleus (loss of nuclei in RBC)
More cytoplasmic area to nucleus ratio
Function of erythrocyte
Transport O2 from lungs to various tissue
Transport of CO2 from tissues to lungs
What is the consequence of no carbonic anhydrase in RBCs?
CO2 cannot be hydrolized to bicarbonate, therefore, less CO2 away from tissue to blood
In excess blood loss condition, ______ numbers increase
Reticulocyte
Is the number of reticulocytes decreased in polycythemia vera?
Increased, bc polycythemia increase RBC count
Reticulocytes are precursors of RBC so increased
Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (骨髓增生不良症候群)
Fatigue & shortness of breath
Pallor - low RBC count (anemia)
Easy brushing or bleeding - low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
Pinpoint-sized red spots - bleeding just beneath skin (petechiae)
Frequent infections - a low WBC count (leukopenia)
What could be the cause of myelodysplastic syndrome?
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Toxins - tobacco, benzene, pesticides, heavy metal
What is the effect of sickle or crescent-shaped RBC on blood flow & tissue O2?
Block blood flow
Why are nucleus of megakaryocytes so large?
Undergoes endomitosis
Function of platelets
Important in preventing blood loss by forming platelet plugs
- surface glycoproteins & proteins for adhesion to collagen
What is CFU?
Colony-forming unit
Stages of granulopoiesis
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
Common for granular leukocytic lines: myeloblast → promyelocyte
→ neutrophilic myelocyte → neutrophilic metamyelocyte → band neutrophil → matured neutrophil
→ eosinophilic myelocyte → eosinophilic metamyelocyte → eosinophil
→ basophilic myelocyte → basophilic metamyelocyte → basophil
What is CSF? List the accurate sequence of neutrophil differentiation?
Colony-stimulating factor
Myeloblast → promyelocytes → myelocyte → metamyelocytes → neutrophil
What is the difference between lysosome & lysozyme?
Lysosome: an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells and contains degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
Lysozyme: enzyme like in egg white, and in body fluids, such as tears, saliva, etc, destroy cell membrane (kills bacteria, antiseptic)
Function of WBC
Protect the body against microorganisms & remove dead cells & debris
Movement
Endocytosis
Exoxytosis
What is the significance of neutrophils undergoing trans-endothelial migration into a tissue?
Infiltration of neutrophil to tissue via diapedesis suggest that there is infection in that area.
Which structure in neutrophil is useful for identifying female vs male athletes in Olympics?
Barr Body of neutrophils
Which 3 types of granules do the neutrophils contain?
Specific granules
Azurophilic granules
Tertiary granules
Characteristics of neutrophils
Survive in anaerobic condition
Kill bacteria in necrotic tissue by extravasation
Which 2 types of granules do the eosinophils contain?
Specific granule - crystalloid body
Azurophilic granules - lysosome
Function of eosinophils
Secretes IL-1 & IL-2
To fight against infection
Function of basophil
Similar to mast cell
Allergy & anaphylaxis
Has IgE receptor on membrane for binding IgE antibody + antigen
What granules are present in monocyte?
Azurophilic granules
Function of monocytes
Phagocytosis & antigen-presenting
What does macrophage contain?
Phagosomes
Function of macrophages
Engulf & partially digest antigens
Cell involved in inflammation & wound healing (4)
Monocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblast
Lymphocytes, eosinophils & basophils
Classification of lymphatic tissue & organs
Dense lymphoid tissue - tonsils, nodules in dense CT
Diffuse lymphoid tissue - Nodules in loose CT
Lymphoid organ - lymph node, spleen, thymus
Functions of the lymphatic system
Fluid balance
Fat absorption
Defense
Lines of defense to protect against pathogens & other foreign substances
Active innate immunity - external
Passive innate immunity - naturally
Active acquired immunity - by exposure to infection
Passive acquired immunity - by transferring antibody
3 levels of lymphatic system
Level 1: immature lymphocyte
Level 2: Pre-B & Pre-T lymphocyte
Level 3: Educated cells
Function of immune system
Destroy foreign substances & abnormal cells
Provide resistance
Lymphocytes function along w plasma cells & macrophages to:
Protect against invading macromolecules
Scrutinize body fluids for detecting abnormal components
Produce antibodies to attack foreign cells
Destroy damaged & aged blood components
Reservoir for platelets
Site of hematopoiesis
MALT
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
BALT
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
______ tonsils in oropharynx
______ tonsils in tongue
______ tonsils in nasopharynx
Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal
What type of epithelium found in palatine tonsils?
Stratified squamous
What type of epithelium found in lingual tonsils?
Stratified squamous
What type of epithelium found in pharyngeal tonsils?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar goblet cell
Hassall’s corpuscles
Structures found in the medulla of the human thymus, formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically
